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z Tudors : Elizabeth > Later Elizabeth : FP > Flashcards

Later Elizabeth : FP Flashcards

1
Q

What is evident of a deteriorating relationship with Spain throughout the 1560s ?

A
  • The trading activities of John Hawkins (tried to break the Spanish monopoly in the Caribbean)
  • The situation in the Netherlands as Phillip wanted the Netherlands to be under more direct control
  • The English found opportunities to harass the Spanish eg Nov 1568 Elizabeth impounded Spanish ships for 400,000 florins following Spanish vessels seeking shelter
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2
Q

What were sea beggars and when were they expelled ?

A
  • Dutch licensed pirates
  • They were expelled in 1572 and forced to land in the Dutch port of Brielle in which a full scale revolt occurred against the rule of Spain
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3
Q

Pacification of Ghent

A
  • 1576
  • All Dutch provinces had risen up against the Spanish army and collectively they called for the expulsion of all foreign troops and the restoration of the Provinces autonomy
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4
Q

What were the two entities that emerged in the Netherlands called ?

A
  • Union of Utrecht (largely Northern and Protestant)

- Union of Arras (Largely Southern and Catholic + the Spanish made peace)

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5
Q

What happened to Portugal and what were the consequences of it ?

A
  • 1580 Spanish power was heightened as Portugal came under Spanish control
  • Elizabeth adopted a more overtly anti-Spanish position eg supported Portuguese pretender Don Antonio + poorly treated the Ambassadors
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6
Q

When was William of Orange assassinated and who was he ?

A
  • 1584

- Leader of the rebels

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7
Q

By 1580 what was the situation in the Netherlands ?

A

Parma’s reconquest of the North had gained momentum leaving only 2 provinces of Holland and Zeeland in Protestant hands

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8
Q

What treaty happened in 1584 ?

A
  • The treaty of Joinville
  • Between Phillip II and the Catholic league in France came to an alliance
  • Alarmed Elizabeth as the Guise family became allies with Phillip meaning he no longer had a political motive to prevent him supporting MQS
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9
Q

When and what was the Treaty of Nonsuch ?

A
  • 1585
  • Between England and the Dutch protestant rebels
  • 7000 Troops were sent under the command of Leicester
  • They were badly paid, commanders quarrelled and quarrelled with the Dutch
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10
Q

Why was the Armada delayed ?

A

English attack on the harbour of Cadiz in April 1587

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11
Q

What were the aims of the Spanish armada and when did it set sail ?

A
  • 22nd July 1588
  • To reach the Gravelines in Spanish-Netherlands where Parma would join so that an invasion of England could be launched however unfavourable winds caused this to fail
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12
Q

What happened to the Armada and why did it fail ?

A
  • It was sighted off the coast on July 29th in Cornwall

- Engaged in an indecisive battle 30th July - August 6th 1588 in which the Armada was to forced to return

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13
Q

What happened in 1589 ?

A
  • Francis Vere was made commander of the English army and gradually territories were regained
  • A positive relationship with the Netherlands was formed with Maurice of Nassau
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14
Q

What was the cost of maintaining forces in the Netherlands ?

A
  • 1589-1594

- £750,000 but was shared with the Dutch

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15
Q

When were the Spanish expelled from Northern Netherlands ?

A
  • 1594
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16
Q

When did England launch attacks on mainland Spain and what were the repercussions? (later)

A
  • Three attacks from 1595 which included the capture of Cadiz and the sinking of 4 galleons + it prevented merchant vessals from sailing to the West Indies
  • Drake and Hawkins died when they attempted to attack Panama
  • In 1596 - Phillip ordered an invasion of England but it was unsuccessful due to storms
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17
Q

What were the 4 Catholic plots called and when were they ?

A
  1. Ridolfi - 1571
  2. Throckmorton - 1583
  3. Parry - 1585
  4. Babington - 1586
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18
Q

The ridolfi plot

A
  • 1571
  • Plan made during the northern rebellion + the excommunication of Elizabeth
  • wanted to overthrow Elizabeth and put MQS on the throne BUT this depended on the support of Philip and the Duke of Alba neither of whom had enthusiasm
  • Elizabeth was persuaded by Burghly and Parliament to execute Norfolk however Mary was not executed
19
Q

The Throckmorton plot

A
  • 1583
  • At the time where Catholic mission were becoming more evident
  • Hoped that Spanish forces would arrive and generate the support of local aristocrats eg Earl of Arundel
  • Walsingham had a mole in the French embassy + Throckmorton was executed and Arundel imprisoned
  • This also lead to the creation of the bond of association
20
Q

The Parry plot

A
  • 1585
  • Welsh Gentleman and an MP wanted to assassinate Elizabeth and put MQS on the throne
  • Little in known about the event and there are multiple theories
  • Parry was executed
21
Q

The Babington plot

A
  • 1586
  • There was anti-catholic paranoia fuelled by Throckmorton + Parry plots
  • Babington was a young English gentleman who was based in France and wanted to launch a Spanish invasion England whilst promoting a Catholic uprising to assassinate Elizabeth and put MQS on the throne
  • Letters were intercepted and Mary consented to the assassination of Elizabeth as a result Mary was put on trial
22
Q

When was Mary executed ?

A
  • 8th Feb 1587
23
Q

What were the issues regarding MQS trial and execution ?

A
  • 4 month delay where Elizabeth shrank from ordering her cousins execution : threaten the security of her as a monarch, initial reaction of Spain/France/Scotland etc
24
Q

When was Elizabeth excommunicated ?

A
  • 1570
25
Q

What was based in Douai and by 1575 what happened ?

A
  • English college at Douai was founded in the Spanish Netherlands which trained seminary priests
  • By 1575, 11 secular priests had arrive and by 1580, 100 had arrived
  • They were forced to work in the country houses of the Catholic gentry meaning there was little they could do to sustain the faith
26
Q

What was the society of Jesus ?

A
  • 1580
  • Jesuits combined high intelligence with a dedication to the cause of the restoration of Catholicism
  • Many of these priests became chaplains for the rich which meant humbler Catholics were ignored and declined
27
Q

The penal laws against Catholics

A
  • Fist act passed in 1571 and declared the publication of papal bulls was treasonable
  • 1581 second ant-catholic act was passed following fears of the Jesuit missions
  • 1581 = 4 catholic priests were executed and in the following year 11 were
28
Q

By 1585 how many missionary priests had arrived in England ?

A
  • 79
29
Q

What was the act against Jesuits and seminary priests ?

A
  • 1585
  • Act against Jesuits and Seminary priests 1585 making it treasonable for any priest ordained under the Pope’s authority to enter England
  • 123 priests were convicted and executed under this act fro 1586-1603
30
Q

Why did Elizabeth contemplate a marriage to the Duke of Anjou ?

A
  • Became fearful that the French were prepared to invade the Netherlands and she didn’t want any other foreign power to have influence over the region
31
Q

Who did the Spanish install to oversee the union of Arras ?

A
  • Duke of Parma and he intended on launching a conquest into the Northern Netherlands to assert Spanish dominance
32
Q

Why did the Spanish Armada fail ?

A
  • Unfavourable winds
  • The strategy to combine forces with the Duke of Parma was flawed
  • The leadership under the Duke of Medina Sidonia was poor
  • The English ships were more manoeuvrable and their strategy was superior
33
Q

What tactic did the English use to disrupt the Armada ?

A
  • Sent fireships when they were at anchor and caused significant damage to the fleet
34
Q

Following the Armada what strategy did Elizabeth adopt towards Spain ?

A
  • She became more reserved and defensive towards Spain

- She favoured national security above all

35
Q

What was the minimalist view of FP in the 1980s ?

A
  • Wished to concentrate resources on FP with these focused on reducing Parma’s control over the Netherlands
36
Q

What was the expansive view of FP in the 1580s/1590s ?

A
  • Believed in a more aggressive naval campaign against Spain and a land campaign in the Netherlands to achieve FP objectives
  • Favoured by John Hawkins
37
Q

When was there an unsuccessful attack on Spain’s colonies ?

A
  • 1596

- Hawkins and Drake launched an attack on Panama however this failed and both Hawkins and Drake died at sea

38
Q

What were public-private partnership enterprises ?

A
  • Sea expeditions and attacks launched by crown and private finance
  • Individual like : Raleigh, Cumberland, Hawkins, Drake and Frobisher
39
Q

How successful for PPPE’s

A

Overall, PPPEs were ultimately only a minimal success, with private profits resulting from these missions but very limited strategic successes given the scale of financial costs of these missions.
An example of success is the 1592 Madre de Dios capture.

40
Q

When did Spain attempt to exploit an Irish rebellion to threaten England and how did England respond ?

A
  • 1597
  • No successes as wind prevented Spain from landing there
  • Elizabeth dispatched a fleet under Essex yet the wind pushed it back to Plymouth
  • Then used to launch an attack to the Azores
  • Importance of plunder over strategy
41
Q

Why did Elizabeth fear the accession of Francis II in France ?

A

Elizabeth feared the accession of Francis II due to his marriage to Mary, Queen of Scots, a claimant to the English throne. This also brought the strongly Catholic Guise family to power in France.

42
Q

When was the Treat of Troyes ?

A

The Treaty of Troyes was agreed in 1564 between England and French factions, with this losing Calais permanently, losing indemnities gained in Cateau-Cambresis and causing major damage to her confidence in her foreign policy and her prestige.

43
Q

When was a complete embargo placed on trade between England and Spain and when was it lifted ?

A
  • A complete embargo was placed on trade between England and Spain in 1563, with this following the seizure of English ships by the Duke of Alba.
  • 1574

z Tudors : Elizabeth (4 decks)

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