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z Tudors : Elizabeth > Elizabeth : Society > Flashcards

Elizabeth : Society Flashcards

1
Q

Why did Elizabeth not create any further dukedoms ?

A
  • After 1572

- Due to all 4 Dukes having been arrested for Treason

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2
Q

How did England’s gentry seek to enhance their positions and prestige in the reign of Elizabeth?

A
  • enhance their prestige through mass building schemes of manor estates and large houses
  • used to accommodate the Queen (included Burghley)
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3
Q

What happened to the size of the gentry class under Elizabeth? What happened to the numbers of people who were substantially wealthy?

A
  • Both the gentry and numbers who were seriously wealthy increased under Liz
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4
Q

What happened to the gap between rich and poor under Liz ?

A
  • Disparity between incomes and livening standards increased
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5
Q

What issues threatened the poorer portion of the population under Elizabeth?

A
  • the poorer population was threatened by the decline in real wages and the vulnerability of these groups to enclosure.
  • 25 people starved to death in Newcastle
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6
Q

Where did the majority of the population live under Elizabeth? What urban area was acting as a magnet for people?

A
  • The countryside

- London acted as a magnate for rural labourers and the impoverished for opportunities of work

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7
Q

When was the first Poor Law Act passed? What did this determine?

A
  • 1576
  • This attempted to create a national system of poor relief that would be administered and financed locally, as well as provision for local employment for the unemployed.
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8
Q

When was the final Poor Law passed? What did this determine?

A
  • 1601
  • This set up the parish as the centre for the raising and administration of poor relief. Each parish would have an overseer of the poor to ensure that collection of funds and administration was done properly. They would also relieve the impotent poor, create work for the able-bodied and apprentice children.
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9
Q

Describe the treatment of the undeserving poor.

A
  • The undeserving poor continued to be treated poorly eg whipped
  • 1572, Vagabonds Act was passed to add branding to the punishments for this group.
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10
Q

What was the significance of the 1597 Poor Law in terms of punishing the undeserving poor?

A
  • 1597
  • Poor Law set down that first time offenders from the undeserving poor would be whipped with repeated offenders being executed.
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11
Q

Describe Elizabeth’s attitudes towards Ireland. What issues did she have with asserting these attitudes?

A

Elizabeth wished to impose a policy of ‘Englishness’ upon Ireland in terms of religious and secular matters.

  • However, Elizabeth lacked the authority to impose Protestantism upon a largely Catholic population.
  • Further divided
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12
Q

When did rebellions occur in Ireland ?

A
  • 1569-73

- 1579-82

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13
Q

When did the Irish rebel (led by Tyrone) against the English, later to be exploited by the Spanish?

A
  • 1595

- Attempted to be exploited by the Spanish in 1596 by involving the Irish in the Armada

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14
Q

When did the Battle of Yellow Ford occur? What was the outcome of this/impacts of this?

A
  • 1598
  • the Irish rebels were victorious over the English
  • This led to Tyrone taking control of much of Ireland ‘beyond the Pale’ and threatening to establish an independent and Catholic Ireland.
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15
Q

When did Elizabeth send Essex to Ireland to resolve issues of rebellion there? What action did Essex take?

A
  • Elizabeth sent Essex to Ireland in 1599 to resolve issues of rebellion
  • Essex disobeyed the Queen by making a truce with Tyrone rather than engaging in battle + returned to Court in disgrace
    This truce then expired and Tyrone moved to take greater control of Ireland.
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16
Q

Who replaced Essex as the Lord Lieutenant in Ireland? What action did they take?

A
  • Lord Mountjoy

- sought to reassert Crown control of Ireland by driving back Tyrone’s forces.

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17
Q

When did the English triumph in Ireland under the command of Mountjoy? When did Mountjoy and Tyrone conclude a peace?

A
  • 1601

- later agreeing a peace deal in March 1603

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18
Q

What was the state of the administration of Wales by the reign of Elizabeth? How was Wales governed?

A
  • The Welsh border was no longer an issue as the integration of these areas had continued since the efforts of Henry VIII
  • Wales was still governed through the Council of Wales, while the marches were still guarded and maintained by the Marcher Lords.
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19
Q

What changes occurred with regards to the Welsh language under Elizabeth?

A
  • the Welsh language largely disappeared in use during government
  • however it was preserved in religion by the translation of the Bible and Book of Common Prayer into Welsh.
20
Q

What changes did Elizabeth make to the appointments of border wardens for the Scottish border? What issues were there with this?

A
  • southerners were appointed to roles overseeing the Scottish border rather than the use of northern nobility families
  • This resulted in individuals being installed here to oversee order and prevent the loss of control of the Crown over a potentially tempestuous region without having any support from locals, border clans or landed families.
21
Q

When did the Northern Rebellion begin? What possible motives were there for this rebellion?

A
  • November 1569
  • motivated by the opposition to Elizabeth’s religious agenda in the North + the rebellion’s leaders felt as though they had been deprived of political positions in controlling Northern government
22
Q

What actions did the rebels in the Northern Rebellion take around Durham and the North East at the start of the rebellion?

A
  • marched on Durham, seizing the city and hearing mass in the Cathedral here.
23
Q

Where did the Northern Rebellion rebels advance to after Durham? What action was taken here?

A
  • then advanced from Durham to York, camping around the city but never making any attempt to capture it.
24
Q

When did the Northern Rebellion rebels take Barnard Castle? What action followed after this?

A
  • The Northern Rebellion rebels took Barnard Castle on the 14th December 1569.
  • The rebels however decided to disband when hearing that a Crown force was moving north and fled into Scotland.
25
Q

When did a portion of the Northern Rebellion restart following it initially being disbanded in December 1569? Where was this?

A
  • restarted in January 1570 after it initially being disbanded,
  • Cumberland.
26
Q

What reasons can be given for the failure of the Northern Rebellion?

A
  • failed due to the disorganisation of the rebels, the poor leadership from Northumberland and Westmorland, the lack of expected foreign support and the decisive crown action to disband this.
27
Q

Which 2 Earls were heavily involved in leading the Northern Rebellion?

A
  • The Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland were prominent leaders
28
Q

When did Elizabeth reinstate the Council of the North? Who controlled this and what advantages/disadvantages were there with this?

A
  • reinstated : 1572
  • under the control of the Earl of Huntingdon.
  • The Earl was a puritan who could impose religious reforms on the heavily Catholic North, but was an outsider without local ties or support.
29
Q

How many rebels were ordered to be executed following the Northern Rebellion? How many were actually executed?

A
  • ordered the execution of 700 rebels

- only 450 were executed.

30
Q

How many rebels marched on Bramham Moor as part of the Northern Rebellion?

A
  • 5400 rebels marched on Bramham Moor as part of the Northern Rebellion.
31
Q

What % of England’s wealth belonged to 1% of families under Elizabeth?

A

Under Elizabeth, 14% of England’s wealth belonged to 1% of families.

32
Q

What % of national income did commoners provide under Elizabeth?

A
  • Commoners provided 20% of income under Elizabeth.
33
Q

By what % did the cost of living increase under Elizabeth?

A
  • 60%
34
Q

How did Elizabeth attempt to preserve arable farming against the rise in profitability of arable farming? When?

A
  • passed a statute in 1598 against conversion of tillage to pasture and against engrossing
  • to prevent the impacts of enclosure, allowing subsistence farming and arable production to continue.
35
Q

What % of people in towns lived in absolute poverty? What % of people in the countryside lived in absolute poverty?

A
  • 20% of people in towns lived in absolute poverty

- 10% of people in the countryside did the same.

36
Q

What is evidence the South was more affluent ?

A
  • All but 2/25 of the Richest Towns were in the South
37
Q

Who had increased property and why ?

A
  • Lawyers and merchants were able to buy land

- Selling of ex-monastic land

38
Q

Where was the poorest area of the country ?

A
  • North-west
39
Q

What did the statute of artificer do ?

A
  • 1563

- Maintained high standards of craftsmanship

40
Q

What was the negative experience of London ?

A
  • Pressure on space and the rich moved to areas like the West end
  • 1571 : London described as a stinking city and the filthiest of the World
41
Q

Why did poverty increase ?

A
  • Warfare, inflation, plague and famine
42
Q

How did Landowners use enclosure to their benefit ?

A
  • Used enclosure, increased prices of produce, increased annual rents and bought more land
43
Q

How was agriculture improved ?

A
  • Better records kept, improved livestock through breeding, small scale draining in Greenwich and experiments for between fertiliser eg lime, town refuse and compost which increased yields
44
Q

What industries remained underdeveloped ?

A
  • Tin and coal mining
45
Q

What is the issue with the policy towards the poor ?

A
  • Focused more on punishing vagrancy rather than providing for the needy eg 1598 Act for punishment of rogues attempted to reduce political instability

z Tudors : Elizabeth (4 decks)

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