Late Roman Empire

Question 1

What year, where and by whom was Constantine first declared emperor?

Answer 1

308, Eboracum, his troops

Question 2

In what year did Constantine win the Battle of the Milvian Bridge?

Answer 2

312

Question 3

What did Constantine’s mother Helena find, and where?

Answer 3

The True Cross, Jerusalem

Question 4

Who ruled Rome 284-311?

Answer 4

Diocletian

Question 5

What battle and against whom did Constantine fight in 312?

Answer 5

Battle of the Milvian Bridge, Maxentius

Question 6

When did Constantine I rule?

Answer 6

312-337

Question 7

What did Constantine see in the sky before the Battle of the Milvian Bridge in 312?

Answer 7

Chi rho, in hoc signo vinces

Question 8

Tetrarchy: two what and two what?

Answer 8

augustae, caesares

Question 9

What year was Constantinople founded?

Answer 9

324

Question 10

What year was the Edict of Milan, and what did it do?

Answer 10

313, legalised tolerance of Christianity

Question 11

Which edict legalised tolerance of Christianity, and in what year?

Answer 11

Edict of Milan, 313

Question 12

Which churches did Constantine build?

Answer 12

Holy Sepulchre, St Peter’s Basilica

Question 13

When did Constantine II rule?

Answer 13

337-361

Question 14

When did Julian the Apostate rule?

Answer 14

361-364

Question 15

Which emperor was the last non-Christian, and when did he rule?

Answer 15

Julian the Apostate, 361-364

Question 16

What three anti-Christian measures did Julian the apostate take?

Answer 16

1. Purged the ruling classes of Christianity
2. Reinstated temples
3. Conficated church land

Question 17

When did Valentian I rule?

Answer 17

364-375

Question 18

Who ruled between Valentian I and Thedosius I, and when did he rule?

Answer 18

Valens, 375-378

Question 19

When did Theodosius I the Great rule?

Answer 19

379-395

Question 20

Who was the last ruler of the Eastern and Western Roman Empires together?

Answer 20

Theodosius I the Great

Question 21

Where was Theodosius born? How did he come to power?

Answer 21

Spain, through the military

Question 22

Which two emperors split the empire permanently, and in what year?

Answer 22

Arcadius & Honorius 395

Question 23

Who was the high watermark of early Byzantine emperors, and when did he rule?

Answer 23

Justinian, 527-565

Question 24

What language did Justinian speak? Why is that important?

Answer 24

Latin; he was the last emperor to do so

Question 25

Which 5 areas did Justinian reconquer?

Answer 25

1. North Africa 2. Dalmatia 3. Sicily 4. Italy 5. Southern Iberia

Question 26

Which church did Justinian build?

Answer 26

Hagia Sophia

Question 27

What was the Justinian code?

Answer 27

Reinstitution of old Roman laws

Question 28

What was the Arian heresy all about?

Answer 28

Christ created by God, and is therefore subordinate

Question 29

Where was Arianism denounced?

Answer 29

Council of Nicaea, 325

Question 30

Why are heresies important? Give 3 reasons

Answer 30

1. They show the join between church and state 2. They pitch different groups against one another 3. They cause strife between emperor and population

Question 31

What was Nestorianism all about?

Answer 31

Christ's humanity and divinity were two entirely separate ideas

Question 32

Where was Nestorianism denounced?

Answer 32

Council of Ephesus, 431

Question 33

What is the Greek term for Mother of God?

Answer 33

Theotokos

Question 34

What was Donatism all about?

Answer 34

The person of the priest trumps the office of the priesthood

Question 35

What caused Donatism?

Answer 35

Worry over traitors from Diocletian's persecutions

Question 36

What was Monophysitism all about?

Answer 36

Christ is one body, one spirit, one nature

Question 37

What caused the end of Donatism?

Answer 37

Arab invasions

Question 38

Where was Monophysitism denounced?

Answer 38

Council of Chalcedon, 451

Question 39

What was the result of Monophysitism?

Answer 39

Split between Orthodox and Eastern Christianity

Question 40

What was Iconoclasm all about?

Answer 40

Idolatry, and the worry of breaking the 2nd commandment

Question 41

When was Iconoclasm an issue?

Answer 41

8th century

Question 42

Where was Iconoclasm denounced?

Answer 42

Second Council of Nicaea, 787

Question 43

What supported the iconodules' claim?

Answer 43

Christ's advent revealed God's image, thereby nullifying 2nd commandment

Question 44

Who were the iconoclasts opposing?

Answer 44

Iconodules

Question 45

Which emperor was the first to be an iconoclast, and when did he rule?

Answer 45

Leo III, 717-741