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Medieval history > Arabian Empire > Flashcards

Arabian Empire Flashcards

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1
Q

Which early people were based around Petra in Jordan?

A

Nabataeans

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2
Q

Which early people were based in Yemen?

A

Himyarites

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3
Q

What was the Himyarite capital?

A

Sana’a

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4
Q

What was the Nabataean capital?

A

Petra

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5
Q

Who conquered the Himyarites?

A

Axum

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6
Q

Which early people emigrated from Yemen to the Levant, and converted to Christianity?

A

Ghassanids

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7
Q

Who conquered the Ghassanids, and in which century?

A

Arab Caliphate, 7th century

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8
Q

Why didn’t the Romans conquer the Ghassanids?

A

They were a buffer between Rome and the raiding Bedouins

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9
Q

Which early people were based in southern Iraq?

A

Lakhmids

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10
Q

Through which years were the Lakhmids prominent?

A

300-602

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11
Q

What was the Lakhmid capital, and which major river was it situated on?

A

al-Hirah, on the Euphrates

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12
Q

Who were the Lakhmids conquered by?

A

Chosroes II, King of the Sassanids

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13
Q

How did the Lakhmids help the Arabs to defeat the Sassanids?

A

They acted as spies

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14
Q

When and where was Muhammad born?

A

c. 570, Mecca

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15
Q

What profession did Muhammad likely hold?

A

Merchant

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16
Q

When did Muhammad’s revelations start, and what age was he?

A

Around 610, 40 yrs old

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17
Q

How were his revelations handed down?

A

Orally

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18
Q

What two subjects dominated Muhammad’s revelations?

A
  1. End of the world

2. Transcendence of a unique God

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19
Q

When did Muhammad die?

A

632

20
Q

Detail the expansion of the Arabic Caliphate between 630 and 644

A
  1. 630 Mecca
  2. 634 Damascus
  3. 642 Alexandria
  4. 644 Persian empire
21
Q

What six factors made the Arabic Caliphate so effective?

A
  1. Weak enemies
  2. Desert masters
  3. Channelling of a warlike people
  4. Jihad
  5. benign rulers
  6. didn’t plunder people
22
Q

Who did the Arab Caliphate tend to plunder?

A

The Church

23
Q

Who were the four first successors to Muhammad?

A

Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali

24
Q

Who oversaw the transcription of Muhammad’s messages?

A

Uthman

25
Q

Why was Uthman assassinated?

A

Trying to bring the caliphate into his own family

26
Q

What family did Uthman belong to?

A

Qoraysh

27
Q

What was Ali’s relation to Muhammad?

A

cousin and son-in-law

28
Q

Who killed Ali?

A

Mu’awiya, governer of Syria

29
Q

Who was the first Umayyad ruler?

A

Mu’awiya

30
Q

Where did Mu’awiya move the capital to?

A

Damascus

31
Q

Which faction refused to acknowledge Mu’awiya as Caliph?

A

Sh’ia

32
Q

Which two decisive losses marked the Umayyad caliphate?

A
  1. Constantinople,717

2. Tours, 733

33
Q

Who fought against the Umayyads at Tours, and in what year?

A

Charles Martel, 733

34
Q

Between what years did the Umayyad dynasty hold the Caliphate?

A

661-750

35
Q

Name the two major dynasties of the Arab caliphate, and the years they held power

A
  1. Umayyad, 661-750

2. Abbasid, 750-1258

36
Q

What happened to the Umayyads after they were deposed in 750?

A

Fled to Spain where they ruled for 200 years

37
Q

What relation of Muhammad’s were the Abbasids descended from?

A

His uncle

38
Q

Where did the Abbasids move the capital to?

A

Baghdad, a constructed city

39
Q

What year was Baghdad crippled, and by whom?

A

1258, Mongols

40
Q

What change in orientation did the Abbasids make?

A

Away from the Mediterranean, towards Persia, India and Afghanistan

41
Q

What year did the Arab caliphate cease expanding?

A

750

42
Q

What did the Abbasids do to the Umayyads?

A

Slaughtered them; leather cloth

43
Q

What financed the Abbasid rule?

A

Tax, not expansion

44
Q

What 4 factors caused the Abbasid collapse?

A
  1. Overstretching
  2. Shi’ism/Sunni strife
  3. Dynastic struggles
  4. Mongols
45
Q

Why did the Umayyads so easily conquer Iberia?

A

Iberia ruled but not populated by Visigoths, so population had no reason to fight once Visigoths were defeated

Medieval history (8 decks)

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