Late Midterm Vocab Flashcards
Communism
Political economic system in which all wealth and property are shared so as to eliminate exploitation, oppression, and ultimately the need for political institutions such as the state
Base
Economic system of a society, made up of technology (means of production) and class relations between people (relations of production)
Superstructure
All noneconomic institutions in a society
Bourgeoisie
Property owning class
Dialectical materialism
Process of historical change that is not evolutionary but revolutionary. Existing bass and superstructure come into conflict with new technology and opposition to the existing order leading to revolution
Proletariat
Working class
Vanguard of the proletariat
Lenin’s argument that an elite communist party would carry out revolution because historical conditions would not automatically lead to capitalisms demise
Nomenklatura
Politically sensitive or influential seats in the state, society, or economy that were staffed by people chosen or approved by the communist party
Politburo
Top policy making executive body of a communist party
Central committee
Legislative-like body of a communist party
Party-state
Power flows directly from the ruling
Central Planning
Communists economic system where state explicitly allocates resources by planning what should be produced, the price, and where they are sold
Glasnost
Openness. Political liberalization of Soviet union
Perestroika
Restructuring. Political and economic liberalization of Soviet Union
Shock therapy
Process of rapid marketization
Kremlin
11th century fortress in the heart of Moscow that has been the historical seat of Russian state power
Federal Security Service
Successor of the KGB. Russian intelligence agency
Federation Council
Upper house of Russian legislature
Duma
Lower house of Russian legislature
Asymmetric federalism
Power is devolved unequally across the country and its constituent regions
Parties of power
Russian parties created by political elites to support their political aspirations, typically lacking an ideology
United Russia
Main political party in Russia and supports Putin
Communist Party of the Russian Federation
Successor party in Russia to the communist party of the soviet union
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia
Political party in Russia with a nationalist and antidemocratic orientation
Caucasus
Southwest Russia where there is a diverse mixture of non-Slavic people with distinct languages and customs as well as a much stronger historical presence of Islam than Orthodox Christianity
Chechnya
Russian republic that has been a source of military conflict since 1991
Eurasian Economic Union
Economic and political union among several former soviet states
Danwei (work unit) system
Maoist program providing all chinsese citizens lifetime affiliation with a work unit governing all aspects of their life
Hukou (household registration) system
Maoist program that tied all chinese to a particular geographic location
National Party Congress
Chinese communist partys cumbersome representative body
Chinese dream
Policy vision calling for chinas national rejuvenation, modernization, and prosperity
Harmonious society
CCP propaganda for the continuation of economic reform but with more concern for the growing wealth and welfare gap between urban and rural china
National Peoples Congress
Chinas national legislature
Anti-corruption campaign
Parliament Xi Jinpungs sweeping campaign against graft and other forms of corruption
Three Represents
2001 policy cooptint private entrepreneurs into the CCP
Red Capitalists
Private entrepreneurs who are also members of the CCP and whose interest generally align with those of the party state
Social Credit System
State-implemented behavioral modification system that tracks the economic and social actions of chinese citizens and businesses
Belt and Road initiative
Chinas huge infrastructure development and investment project launched in 2013. Link china to rest of asia, middle east, europe, and beyond
Iron rice bowl
Maos promise of cradle to grave health care, work, and retirement security which has largely disappeared under reform
Reds versus experts
Maos policy favoring politically indoctrinated party cadres (reds) over those with economic training (experts)
Household responsibility system
1980s rural reform program that lowered production quotas and allowed the sale of surplus agriculture produce on the free market
Special economic zones
Enclaves since 1979 that have offered tax breaks and other incentives to lure foreign incestment
Beijing consensus
Neomercantilist model of state led capitalist development adopted by china as an alternative to the washington consensus
Middle income countries
Less developed countries that have experienced significant economic growth and democratization
Lower income countries
Lack significant economic development or political institutionalization
Developing countries
Lower and middle income countries
Empires
Single political authority that has under its sovereignty a large number of external regions or territories and different peoples
Imperialism
State extends its power to directly control territory, resources, and people beyond its boarders
Colonialism
Imperialist system in which a foreign territory is physically occupied, using military force, businesses, or settlers
Neocolonialism
Indirect imperialism where powerful countries overly influence economies of less developed countries
Import substitution
Country restricts imports in order to spur demand for locally produced goods
Middle income trap
Countries experience economic growth but are unable to develop at the speed necessary to catch up with developed countries
Export oriented industrialization
Country seeks out technologies and develops industries focused specifically on the export market
Neoliberalism/structural adjustment programs/washington consensus
Economic liberalization adopted in exchange for financial support from liberal international organizations.
Informal economy
Segment of the economy that is not regulated protected or taxed by the state
Microcredit
Small loans are channeled to the poor through borrowing groups whose members jointly take responsibility for repayment
Center
Indias national government and its capital in New Delhi
Presidents rule
State equivalent of emergency rule. National government takes temporary control of a state by imposing martial law
House of the people
Lower house of indian parliament
Council of states
Upper house of indian parliament
Untouchables
Indias outcaste groups including tribal aboriginals and those who traditionally performed unclean duties
Dalits
Formal name or indias outcastes
Chief minister
Chief executives of federal states in India, elected by state legislature for 5yr terms
Asymmetric federalism
Power is devolved unequally across the country
Naxalism
Radical maoist insurgency in India
Hindi
Language-one of two national languages in India
Religion-Dominant religious tradition
Kashmir
Contested region in northern india claimed by both india and Pakistan
Green revolution
1960s and 70s when technology enhanced crops and cropping methods dramatically improved food production in India
License raj
Indias bureaucratized and politicized mercantilist system of license permits and quotas governing the economy
Outsourcing
Moving the production of goods and services to another country to take advantage if cheap labor or other savings
Kerala
Southwestern indian state governed by communists. High literacy, low fertility, and low population growth
Supreme leader
Chief spiritual and political leader of iran
Assembly of experts
Elected body that choses the supreme leader
President
Head of government
Guardian council
Appointed body that vets candidates for office and can overturn legislation
Expediency council
Appointed body that mediates between the majlis and the guardian council over legislative disputes
Revolutionary guard
Paramilitary force charged with defending the regime from domestic and internal enemies
Basij
People militia which serves as a public morals police
Quietist
Description of view within Shiism that rejects theocracy and the direct role of religion in the state quotas
Principalisys
Term for political conservatives in Iran who oppose liberalization and political reform
Bonyads
Parastatal foundations made in part from assets nationalized after the Iranian revolution
