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Land Interactions Final > Last mastering wooooo > Flashcards

Last mastering wooooo Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is (are) major sources of the carbon dioxide now being added to the atmosphere in excess of the amount taken out by plants?
a. loss of soil organic matter
b.destruction of natural forests
c. burning of fossil fuels
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

A

d. all of the above

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2
Q

The process of ________ releases soluble nitrogen as the result of the breakdown of nitrogen-rich organic compounds.

A

mineralization

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3
Q

The thaw of permafrost will release a lot of carbon to the atmosphere because

A

permafrost soils contain a lot of soil organic matter and when they thaw, microbes can decompose this carbon to CO2 and, or CH4

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4
Q

Under natural vegetation, about 60 to 90% of soil organic matter is ________.

A

in the passive fraction

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5
Q

Which form of nitrogen can be taken up by the roots of plants that do NOT live in symbiosis with N-fixing microorganisms?

A

ammonium and nitrate

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6
Q

True or false: Well-aerated soils enriched with organic amendments can help reduce the methane load in the atmosphere.

A

true

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7
Q

One would expect well-drained soils to have the highest organic matter contents where the climate is ________.

A

cool and humid

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8
Q

Soil organic matter consists of ________.
a. living organisms and cells
b. dead tissues and wastes
c. identifiable biomolecules
d. polymerized, non-identifiable molecules
e. all of the above

A

e. all of the above

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9
Q

Which one of the following reservoirs contains the largest amount of the world’s carbon?

A

soil

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10
Q

Alcohols, methane and organic acids of various kinds often accumulate as a result of ________ decomposition of residues in soil.

A

anaerobic

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11
Q

True or false: Soil organic matter consists mainly of complex microbially produced supermolecule polymers known as humic substances.

A

false

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12
Q

According to the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 (formerly known as the Business-as-Usual scenario), global surface temperature at the end of this century will be ________________ at the beginning of this century.

A

about 3-5 degrees celsius higher than

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12
Q

According to the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 (formerly known as the Business-as-Usual scenario), global surface temperature at the end of this century will be ________________ at the beginning of this century.

A

about 3-5 degrees celsius higher than

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13
Q

Nitrogen is a component of which essential plant compounds
a. enzymes
b. DNA
c. proteins
d. chlorophyll
e. all of the above

A

e. all of the above

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14
Q

True or false: As decomposition of added organic material proceeds, the C/N ratio in the remaining undecomposed material steadily increases.

A

false

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15
Q

Which of the following is a greenhouse gas contributed to the atmosphere by soils?

A

carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxides

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16
Q

How large are the annual fluxes of CO2 between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere (photosynthesis and ecosystem respiration)?

A

about 120 Pg C per year

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17
Q

True or false: Denitrification is a major output of nitrogen from terrestrial ecosystems to the atmosphere. This leaky pathway produces a powerful greenhouse and ozone-layer-depleting gas. The process is most rapid when soils are warm, moist, and aerated.

A

false

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18
Q

True or false: Denitrification is a major output of nitrogen from terrestrial ecosystems to the atmosphere. This leaky pathway produces a powerful greenhouse and ozone-layer-depleting gas. The process is most rapid when soils are warm, moist, and aerated.

A

false

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19
Q

Soils with thick horizons consisting mainly (> 30% by weight) of organic matter and that form in topographic depressions or low-lying places usually belong to the order ________.

A

histosols

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20
Q

What is the Haber-Bosch process?

A

process for creating fertilizers

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21
Q

As a group, fungi are _____.

A

decomposers

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22
Q

Fungi release digestive enzymes into their _____.

A

surroundings

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23
Q

Basidia produce spores by a process known as _____.

A

meiosis

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24
Q

___ is the anaerobic oxidation of ammonium. It converts ammonium to nitrogen gas using nitrate as an electron acceptor.

A

annamox

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25
Q

air pollutant forms of nitrogen

A

nitric oxide
ammonia

26
Q

water pollutant forms of nitrogen

A

nitrate

27
Q

greenhouse gas forms of nitrogen

A

nitrous oxide

28
Q

not a reactive form of nitrogen

A

nitrogen gas

29
Q

Which form of nitrogen can be taken up by the roots of plants that do NOT live in symbiosis with N-fixing microorganisms?

A

ammonium and nitrate

30
Q

Nitric oxide is

A

NO

31
Q

Nitrate is

A

NO3-

32
Q

Ammonium is

A

NH4+

33
Q

Urea is

A

CH4N2O

34
Q

Nitrate is

A

NO3-

35
Q

Ammonia is

A

NH3

36
Q

Nitrogen (or dinitrogen) gas is

A

N2

37
Q

Nitrous oxide is

A

N2O

38
Q

Organic nitrogen is

A

R-NH2

39
Q

NH4+ or NO3- –> R-NH2

A

immobilization

39
Q

NH4+ or NO3- –> R-NH2

A

Immobilization

40
Q

R-NH2 –> NH3 –> NH4+

A

mineralization

41
Q

CH4N2O –> NH4+ –> NH3

A

volatilization

42
Q

NO3- –> NO2- –> NO –> N2O –> N2

A

denitrification

43
Q

N2 –> NH3 –> R-NH2

A

n2 fization

44
Q

NH4+ –> NO2- –> NO3-

A

nitrification

45
Q

In metapopulation theory, what does P stand for?

A

proportion of patches occupied

46
Q

Island biogeography theory predicts that a 10-fold increase in area results in

A

a doubling of species number

47
Q

Which of the following increase connectivity between patches?

A

corridors

48
Q

True or false: The initial floristic composition hypothesis proposes that the process of succession at any site is dependent on which species arrive first.

A

true

49
Q

What would likely be true when P = 0.9?

A

rate of extinction would be high

50
Q

Which of the following is an example of an allogenic change that drives succession?

A

seasonal changes in temperature, photoperiod, and light intensity

51
Q

Which of the following is an autogenic change?

A

decreased light due to canopy cover

52
Q

True or false: as a patch increases in size, the ratio of interior to edge increases

A

true

53
Q

When a forest gradually merges into a grassland over a wide area, the border between the two landscape patches is referred to as a(n)

A

ecotone

54
Q

Beach grass colonizing newly formed sand dunes is

A

primary succession

55
Q

The intermediate disturbance hypothesis predicts

A

intermediate disturbance will increase diversity

56
Q

Two patches are connected by a corridor but a species does not utilize it. This is an example of

A

low functional connectivity

57
Q

Where the edge of one patch meets another is referred to as

A

a boundary

58
Q

With increasing forest area in a patch, what is more likely to occur?

A

interior species

59
Q

Which of the following is considered a ruderal species?

A

one that colonizes well

60
Q

Plants adapted to edge environments tend to be

A

intolerant of shade and tolerant of dry conditions

61
Q

Chronosequences are useful because one can

A

view several seres in one region

62
Q

Which is an example of secondary succession?

A

a farmer allows an agricultural field to return to native grassland

Land Interactions Final (9 decks)

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