LAST BIT OF REVISION!!!

Question 1

Oxidation of Alcohols: products and Catalysts

Answer 1

Catalyst:

Primary - Acidified Potassium Dichromate
Secondary - Acidified Potassium Dichromate

1st product:

Primary: aldehyde
Secondary: ketone

Same agent:

Primary: Carboxylic Acid

Question 2

Causes of Excess stomach acid

Answer 2

Bacterial inflection

Overuse of aspirin

Excess amount of carbonated drinks

Question 3

Two drugs which inhibit the production of Acid

Answer 3

H2 Agonists

Proton Pump Inhibitors

Question 4

H2 Agonists examples

Answer 4

Rantidine (Zantac)

Question 5

How do H2 Agonists work?

Answer 5

• Blocks action of Histamine
• Reversibly binds to the H2 receptors
• Lock and Key Model

Question 6

What is Histamine

Answer 6

it’s the cell lining of the stomach that secrets acid

Question 7

What has replaced H2 Agonists

Answer 7

Proton Pump Inhibtors

Question 8

Examples of Proton Pump Inhibitors

Answer 8

Prilosec and Nexium

(omraprezole and esomeprazole)

Question 9

How do they work (PPI)?

Answer 9

Block enzyme responsible for the pumping of H+ ions out of the cells and into the stomach

Permanently deactivate proton pump

Question 10

How to prepare diamorphine from morphine

Answer 10

Esterification reaction

Ethanoic Anhydride + Morphine –> Diamorphine

Question 11

A withdrawal symptom a heroin addict might get

Answer 11

Nausea, vomitng (any sort of sickness)

Question 12

How does Tamiflu and Zanamavir work?

Answer 12

Inhibit the enzyme neuraminidase

Produced by the virus as part of the mechanism that allows the new viruses to leave the host cell after replication

Question 13

Scientific reasons why HIV is difficult tor treat against

Answer 13

• Virus attacks the ‘T-cells’ that are essential to the functioning of the immune system, so it prevents the normal immune response involved in recovering from a viral infection
• Virus’ can lie dormant inside host cells for many years –> prevents its total eradication

Question 14

Cultural reasons why HIV difficult to teat:

Answer 14

Stigma

Difficulties controlling illegal activities such as prostitution

Question 15

State one ethical consideration a researcher might face whilst researching about medicine?

Answer 15

One ethical consideration that a researcher might face while researching medicine is the need to obtain informed consent from study participants.

Question 16

Atomic Radius across a period

Answer 16

Atomic radius decreases across period 3. This is because, as we move from left to right across the period, the number of protons in the nucleus increases, which attracts the electrons more strongly, making the atomic radius smaller.

Question 17

Ionization Energy across a period and group

Answer 17

the first ionization energy increases across period 3

Decreases down the group

Question 18

Atomic Radius down a group

Answer 18

increasing atomic radius

Question 19

What happens with Ions then for Ionic radius

Answer 19

Positive ions –> smaller

Negative Ions –> bigger

Question 20

Electronegativity trends across group and period

Answer 20

Decreases down the group

Increases across a period

Question 21

Reaction of the oxides period 3

Answer 21

Sodium –> Basic

Aluminium Oxide –> No reaction

Silicon dioxide –> No reaction

Everything onwards Acidic

Question 22

Prop, initation and termination stages

Answer 22

see

Question 23

Functional Groups

Answer 23

See