Last

Question 0

What is increased sensitivity to pain at site of injury and surrounding called?

Answer 0

Hyperalgesia

Question 1

What is pain from a stimulus that is not normally painful called?

Answer 1

Allodynia

Question 2

Which two areas are majorly involved in descending pain modulation?

Answer 2

Periaqueductal grey and raphe Magnus nucleus

Question 3

What three different changes in spinal cord processes result in chronic pain?

Answer 3

Increased excitability, decreased inhibition and structural reorganisation

Question 4

What protein complexes form a pore for electrical transmission across gap junctions between cells?

Answer 4

Connexin proteins

Question 5

What does edrophonium do and what disease does it help to diagnose?

Answer 5

Blocks action of AChE so prolongs muscle stimulation.

Myasthenia Gravis

Question 6

What is the name of the spongy layer of bone between the two compact lamina of the skull?

Answer 6

Diploe

Question 7

What is the other term for the skull cap?

Answer 7

Calvarium

Question 8

Between which two meningeal layers does the CSF lie?

Answer 8

Pia and arachnoid mater

Question 9

What is the name of the protrusions of the arachnoid mater into the intracranial sinuses which allow CSF to travel back to the blood?

Answer 9

Arachnoid granulations

Question 10

Tearing of the middle meningeal arteries leads to what type of haemorrhage?

Answer 10

Extradural

Question 11

What type of haemorrhage will rupture of an aneurysm in the circle of Willis lead to?

Answer 11

Subarachnoid

Question 12

What is the name of the place where the spinal dural sac ends?

Answer 12

Filum terminale

Question 13

Between which vertebrae is lumbar puncture safe?

Answer 13

L2-4

Question 14

Which 3 receptors sense crude touch?

Answer 14

Merkels discs
Ruffini end organs
Pacinian corpuscles

Question 15

At what point do spinothalamic pathways decussate?

Answer 15

In the spinal cord anterior white commissure

Question 16

Which area of the thalamus is involved in the DC/ML pathway?

Answer 16

VPL

Question 17

Which part of the thalamus is the TTT involved with?

Answer 17

VPM

Question 18

Other than trigeminal, which other three cranial nerves lead to spinal tract V?

Answer 18

Facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus

Question 19

Which side of the cerebellum do the spinocerebellar tracts project to?

Answer 19

Ipsilateral

Question 20

Is Broca’s area more anterior or posterior than Wernicke’s?

Answer 20

Anterior

Question 21

What is the term given to the circuit of the limbic system?

Answer 21

Papez circuit

Question 22

Which part of the limbic system is associated with anxiety/fear/panic?

Answer 22

Locus coeruleus

Question 38

What is the term when dead bone acts as a foreign body?

What is new bone generated by osteoblasts called ?

Answer 38

Sequestra

Involucrum

Question 39

Which two organisms most commonly cause vertebral osteomyelitis?

Answer 39

Staph aureus and coliforms

Question 40

what organisms cause chronic septic arthritis?

Answer 40

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Brucella Fungi Lyme disease

Question 41

Why is CagA strain of h pylori more likely to lead to ulceration?

Answer 41

It suppresses bicarbonate which leads to a more acidic environment

Question 42

What are heuristics?

Answer 42

Mental shortcuts used to match our own symptoms against the 'prototype' for various common illnesses (through experience)

Question 43

What are the 2 main categories of learning?

Answer 43

``` Classical conditioning (unconditioned stimulus ---> conditioned response) Operant conditioning (Skinner box w/ button) ```

Question 44

Name a corticosteroid given after acute spinal cord injury to decrease pressure

Answer 44

Methylpredisolone

Question 45

What is a central pattern generator?

Answer 45

A circuit hard-wired in the brain that can generate complex responses that don't need learning, eg respiration, chewing, swallowing, locomotion

Question 46

What is the route of the cerebellar motor loop?

Answer 46

Cortex -> cerebellum -> ventral thalamic nucleus -> PMC

Question 47

What is the drug treatment for a partial seizure?

Answer 47

Carbamazepine

Question 48

Which proteins aggregate in frontotemporal dementia?

Answer 48

Tau and TDP-43

Question 49

Which protein aggregates in dementia with Lewy bodies?

Answer 49

a-synuclein

Question 50

Name 2 drugs given in mild-moderate Alzheimer's and 1 given in severe

Answer 50

Mild-moderate - Donepezil, Rivastigmine - AChE inhibitors | Severe - Memantine

Question 51

What is the triad of symptoms of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

Answer 51

Confusion Ataxia Opthalmoplegia