Last Flashcards
What is increased sensitivity to pain at site of injury and surrounding called?
Hyperalgesia
What is pain from a stimulus that is not normally painful called?
Allodynia
Which two areas are majorly involved in descending pain modulation?
Periaqueductal grey and raphe Magnus nucleus
What three different changes in spinal cord processes result in chronic pain?
Increased excitability, decreased inhibition and structural reorganisation
What protein complexes form a pore for electrical transmission across gap junctions between cells?
Connexin proteins
What does edrophonium do and what disease does it help to diagnose?
Blocks action of AChE so prolongs muscle stimulation.
Myasthenia Gravis
What is the name of the spongy layer of bone between the two compact lamina of the skull?
Diploe
What is the other term for the skull cap?
Calvarium
Between which two meningeal layers does the CSF lie?
Pia and arachnoid mater
What is the name of the protrusions of the arachnoid mater into the intracranial sinuses which allow CSF to travel back to the blood?
Arachnoid granulations
Tearing of the middle meningeal arteries leads to what type of haemorrhage?
Extradural
What type of haemorrhage will rupture of an aneurysm in the circle of Willis lead to?
Subarachnoid
What is the name of the place where the spinal dural sac ends?
Filum terminale
Between which vertebrae is lumbar puncture safe?
L2-4
Which 3 receptors sense crude touch?
Merkels discs
Ruffini end organs
Pacinian corpuscles
At what point do spinothalamic pathways decussate?
In the spinal cord anterior white commissure
Which area of the thalamus is involved in the DC/ML pathway?
VPL
Which part of the thalamus is the TTT involved with?
VPM
Other than trigeminal, which other three cranial nerves lead to spinal tract V?
Facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus
Which side of the cerebellum do the spinocerebellar tracts project to?
Ipsilateral
Is Broca’s area more anterior or posterior than Wernicke’s?
Anterior
What is the term given to the circuit of the limbic system?
Papez circuit
Which part of the limbic system is associated with anxiety/fear/panic?
Locus coeruleus
What is the term when dead bone acts as a foreign body?
What is new bone generated by osteoblasts called ?
Sequestra
Involucrum
Which two organisms most commonly cause vertebral osteomyelitis?
Staph aureus and coliforms
what organisms cause chronic septic arthritis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Brucella
Fungi
Lyme disease
Why is CagA strain of h pylori more likely to lead to ulceration?
It suppresses bicarbonate which leads to a more acidic environment
What are heuristics?
Mental shortcuts used to match our own symptoms against the ‘prototype’ for various common illnesses (through experience)
What are the 2 main categories of learning?
Classical conditioning (unconditioned stimulus ---> conditioned response) Operant conditioning (Skinner box w/ button)
Name a corticosteroid given after acute spinal cord injury to decrease pressure
Methylpredisolone
What is a central pattern generator?
A circuit hard-wired in the brain that can generate complex responses that don’t need learning, eg respiration, chewing, swallowing, locomotion
What is the route of the cerebellar motor loop?
Cortex -> cerebellum -> ventral thalamic nucleus -> PMC
What is the drug treatment for a partial seizure?
Carbamazepine
Which proteins aggregate in frontotemporal dementia?
Tau and TDP-43
Which protein aggregates in dementia with Lewy bodies?
a-synuclein
Name 2 drugs given in mild-moderate Alzheimer’s and 1 given in severe
Mild-moderate - Donepezil, Rivastigmine - AChE inhibitors
Severe - Memantine
What is the triad of symptoms of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?
Confusion
Ataxia
Opthalmoplegia
