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Passive care exam 2 > laser > Flashcards

laser Flashcards

1
Q

what does laser stand for?

A

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

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2
Q

what measurement are visible light wavelengths and what are the colors seen?

A

400-700nm
violet-red
infrared
ultraviolet

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3
Q

higher frequency= higher energy; which rays cause ionization?

A

x-rays, gamma rays and ultraviolet

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4
Q

light is transmitted as waves and is packaged as _____?

A

photons

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5
Q

what is spontaneous emission?

A

giving up energy

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6
Q

laser production needs what type of environment?

A

environment with unlimited excited ions

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7
Q

what is the term for the number of excited ions outweighing the number at grounded state?

A

population inversion

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8
Q

what causes population inversion and is the application of an external source of power to lasing medium?

A

pumping

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9
Q

what are the 5 things needed for the production of laser?

A
  1. pumping of active medium
  2. population inversion
  3. spontaneous emission
  4. stimulated emission
  5. amplification
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10
Q

what is the term for same wavelength and all in phase?

A

coherence

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11
Q

what is the term for a single color with the same wavelength?

A

monochromatic

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12
Q

when photons move in a parallel fashion and don’t diverge its called?

A

collimation

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13
Q

longer wavelength with lower frequency =

A

deeper penetration

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14
Q

what are the 4 types of lasers?

A

gas
solid
semiconductor
liquid

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15
Q

what is a semiconductor or diode type laser?

A

2 layers of material in a silicon matrix with the layer interface reflective

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16
Q

what is the therapeutic window for laser?

A

632.8-905 nm

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17
Q

what are the wavelengths for visible red?

A

600-700nm

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18
Q

what are the wavelengths for near infrared?

A

700-905nm

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19
Q

as the concentration of melanin or hemoglobin increase, the depth of penetration of light ______?

A

decreases

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20
Q

the wavelength of light will determine the overall _____ of penetration the photons will attain

A

depth

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21
Q

which type of laser was a gas laser originally and now a semiconductor with a wavelength of 632nm?

A

HeNe- more superficial

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22
Q

which laser has a wavelength of 630-700nm?

A

Indium-Galium-Aluminum-Phosphide

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23
Q

which laser is a longer wavelength of 904nm?

A

gallium-arsenide

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24
Q

with laser treatment you should cover each square centimeter of the treatment area what is this called?

A

gridding technique

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25
Q

an alternate method is the scanning technique, how far do you hold the laser from the patient?

A

5-10 mm from skin

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26
Q

what are the 4 laws discussed?

A

Arndt-Schultz
Grotthuss-Draper
Inverse square
Lambert’s cosine

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27
Q

photobiostimulation uses lower or higher doses of laser?

A

lower

28
Q

photobioinhibition uses lower or higher doses of laser?

A

higher

29
Q

with photobiomodulation photochemical effects are not from heating tissue but from absorption of?

A

photons of light by cells

30
Q

what are molecules that accept energy from photons?

A

chromophores

31
Q

what are respiratory chain enzymes in the mitochondria that are sensitive to light photons?

A

cytochromes

32
Q

what are the 3 cellular mechanisms of laser?

A
  1. changes in Na-K channel
  2. Increase in intracellular Ca
  3. The Ca++ flux affects levels of cyclic nucleotides which modulate DNA and RNA synthesis which in turn modulates cell proliferation (biostimulation )
33
Q

what are the biological effects of LLLT?

A 
enhancement of ATP synthesis 
Stabilization of cellular membrane
temperature modulation
enhanced lymphocyte response
reduced IL-1 
prostaglandin conversion into prostacyclin
increased leukocyte activity
vasodilation via increased histamine, NO, serotonin
34
Q

when photons are absorbed by tissues what is stimulated?

A

metabolic processes and cell proliferation through synthesis of nucleic acids and enhanced cell division

35
Q

when photons are absorbed by tissues it also alters molecular-level activity. What does this affect?

A

ETC
increased ATP synthesis
decreased of intracellular pH

36
Q

what is the process where a chain of chemical reactions is stimulated by exposure to light?

A

photostimulation or photobiomodulation

37
Q

with photostimulation what happens to the cell?

A

it is provided with more energy and in optimum condition to play its part in the healing process

38
Q

stimulation of the respiratory ETC results in what 2 major events?

A
  1. light changes the Redox status of mitochondria which leads to enhanced ATP synthesis
  2. activation of Na/K pump alters the cell membrane permeability to the flow of calcium
39
Q

what effects are due to interaction of photons with cytochromes?

A

primary effects

40
Q

what effects include cell proliferation, protein synthesis, degranulation, growth factor secretion, myofibroblast contraction and neurotransmitter modification depending on cell type and sensitivity?

A

secondary effects

41
Q

what effect is least predictable because they depend on both variable environmental factors and intercellular interactions?

A

tertiary effects

42
Q

primary, secondary and tertiary effects summate to produce _______?

A

phototherapeutic activity

43
Q

what are the indications for laser therapy?

A 
wound healing
TMD
myofascial pain 
osteoarthritis 
RA
tendinopathy
trigger points
epicondylitis 
neck and LBP
44
Q

what type of laser does the AHC use?

A

vectra genisys laser

45
Q

what type of laser does the CHC use?

A

microlight ML-830

46
Q

what are the different classes of laser?

A 
Class I- invisible (laser printers, CD players)
Class 1M
Class II- low power
Class III- moderate risk
Class IV-high powered
47
Q

which class of laser has a wavelength of 302.5-4000 nm and is safe except when used with optical aids?

A

Class 1M

48
Q

which class is a visible laser that is hazardous if directed continually into the eye?

A

Class II

49
Q

which class has a moderate risk to the retina but not the skin or tissues, must wear protective eyewear?

A

Class III

50
Q

which class can cause damage to the eyes, skin burns and is a fire hazard?

A

Class IV- high powered; research labs, surgery, photothermal

51
Q

light reflex response is absent with wavelengths over?

A

700nm

52
Q

protective eyewear is required with what classes of laser devices?

A

Class IIIb and Class IV

53
Q

what are the contraindications?

A 
cancer
pregnancy- abdomen and pelvis
direct exposure to eyes
areas over active hemorrhage
over thyroid gland 
directly over open wounds 
epileptic patients
54
Q

what are the precautions with laser?

A 
infection 
testicles
sympathetic ganglia, vagus nerve, cardiac region in those with heart disease
open growth plates
bruises
photosensitive patients
55
Q

what is dose measured in and dependent on (4)

A

Joules2

  1. output of the laser in mWatts
  2. number of diodes
  3. time of exposure in seconds
  4. beam surface area of the laser in cm2
56
Q

which laser uses pulses or bursts of energy with higher peak power and less thermal effects?

A

super pulsed laser

57
Q

the pulses of a super pulsed laser are the frequency of the laser emission NOT the ______

A

wavelength

58
Q

what are 2 benefits of a super pulsed laser?

A

more directed energy delivery to target tissue

greater safety and enhanced clinical outcomes

59
Q

the basic effect of a super pulsed laser irradiation is a ____ thermal influence with a ____ energy density

A

low; high

60
Q

lower range of frequencies (0.25-500 Hz) are termed ____

A

bio-stimulatory

61
Q

lower frequencies are used for:

A

repair and regeneration of tissue
immune response
anti-inflammatory effects

62
Q

with super pulsed lasers frequency is defined as

A

the number of impulses per second

63
Q

biological reactions are not only dictated by dose, but the rate at which the energy is delivered. this is called?

A

arndt schultz principle

64
Q

what frequency and treatment time is used with an acute injury?

A

5-1000 Hz

3 minutes

65
Q

smaller more frequent and localized doses are used with?

A

acute injuries

66
Q

acute conditions usually shows results within

A

1-2 treatments

67
Q

chronic conditions usually need how many treatments to show results?

A

3-4

Passive care exam 2 (6 decks)

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