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voice disorders > Laryngeal Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Laryngeal Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

laryngeal function is controlled by..

A

-PNS and CNS

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2
Q

PNS

A

cranial and spinal nerves

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3
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

white matter

A

transmits

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5
Q

grey matter

A

processes

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6
Q

the cortex

A

CNS
-outer covering of brain formed by nerve cell bodies
-grey matter
-divided into lobes by central sulcus and lateral fissure
-control of all voluntary movement is located in frontal lobe
-

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7
Q

important areas involved in the initiation, planning, and sequencing of all movements:

A
  • primary motor cortex
  • premotor cortex
  • supplementary motor area
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8
Q

sends impulses to mms

A

primary motor cortex

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9
Q

planning, organization of movements

A

premotor cortex and supplementary motor area

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10
Q

cerebrum

A

CNS

  • mass of what matter that forms the bulk of the brain
  • consists of many nerve pathways that go up to the cortex and down to other areas
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11
Q

areas of grey matter within the cerebrum

A
  • basal nuclei
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
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12
Q

basal nuclei structure

A
  • clusters of cell bodies
  • grey matter
  • putamen, globus pallidius, caudate
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13
Q

basal nuclei function

A
  • act as an inhibitory complex for excessive movements

- refines and smoothes movement by inhibiting excessive motor impulses from cortex

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14
Q

thalamus

A
  • area of grey matter made of many different clusters of nuclei
  • receives motor nerve projections from BG, cerebellum, cortex
  • receives sensory info for every sense except smell
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15
Q

why is thalamus important for sensory integration?

A
  • if we were aware of all sensory input, it would be too much to process
  • distracting
  • involved with consciousness, alertness, integration of emotional expression into motor activity (connected to limbic system)
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16
Q

cerebullum integrates and regulates…

A
  • movements initiated in other parts of motor system
  • contributes to smooth movements
  • involved in regulation of balance, posture, muscle tone, coordination of mms groups
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17
Q

Similarities and differences cerebrum vs cerebellum

A
  • both have a cover of grey matter (cerebellum has regular cover, cerebrum has sulci and gyro)
  • insides both made of white matter with deep grey matter nuclei
  • cerebellum is divided into 3 lobes, 2 hemispheres connected by vermis
18
Q

aspects of movement regulated by cerebellum

A
  • force
  • speed
  • range
  • timing
  • direction
  • amount of displacement
19
Q

periaqueductal grey (PAG) structure

A
  • around liquid grey matter
  • diffuse area of grey matter surrounding cerebral aqueduct
  • part of ventricular system of brain
  • connects 3rd and 4th ventricle
  • filled with CSF
  • connected to nucleus retroambiguus (NRA)
20
Q

NRA neurons innervate mms of

A

tongue, pharynx, soft palate, exhalation, larynx

21
Q

PAG function

A
  • coordinates basic respiratory and laryngeal motor patterns necessary for speech
  • involved in expression of emotion (linked to limbic lobe)
22
Q

damage in PAG

A
  • results in inability to form a sound (mutism)

- inability to form intent to speak

23
Q

corticospinal tract (CST)

A

cortex directly to spine

  • arises from areas in the frontal and parietal lobes
  • fibers run ipsilaterally primarily
24
Q

where does CST decussate

A

pyramids of medulla

25
Q

CST fibers

A

80% cross to contralateral side

20% run ipsilaterally

26
Q

corticobulbar tract (CBT) corticonuclear

A

cortex to motor nuclei fo specific cranial nerves

27
Q

together CST and CBT form and control…

A

the direct/pyradmidial system

-controls fine skilled voluntary movements

28
Q

damage to CST/CBT

A

results in weakness, spasticity to the point of paralysis (maybe)

29
Q

indirect/extrapyramidial tract

A

circuitous pathway that extends from cortex to brainstem and spinal cord

  • interconnected with basal ganglia and cerebellum
  • multisynaptic=interconnected with other brain structures
30
Q

indirect/extrapyramidial tract function

A

serves to smooth and refine voluntary movement originating in the cortex

31
Q

indirect/extrapyramidial tract damage

A

causes excessive movements (PD)

-ticks, tremors, rigidity

32
Q

pryamidal and extrapyramidal systems together form…

A

upper motor neuron (UMN)

33
Q

spinal and cranial nerves form…

A

the lower motor neuron (LMN)

-aka final common pathway because all the info converges at spinal and cranial nerves

34
Q

3 branches of vagus nerve important for voice

A
  • pharyngeal
  • superior laryngral (SLN)
  • recurrent laryngeal (RLN)
35
Q

pharyngeal branch

A

innervates mms of velum

36
Q

SLN

A

internal (sensory) and external (motor) branches

-innervates cricothyroid

37
Q

RLN

A

innervates thyroarytenoid, cricoarytenoid, PCA, and IAs

  • asymmetrical left and right sides
  • right side loops around subclavian artery and goes up again
  • left side loops around aorta
38
Q

vagus nerve damage

A

longer on left side (more susceptible to damage)

-congestive heart failure can compress nerves causing some dysphonia, affecting vocal function

39
Q

laryngeal reflexes

A
  • important for airway protection

- sensory nerve endings: mucosal layers, joints, mms

40
Q

receptors respond to different stimuli:

and react by…

A
  • touch
  • movement
  • vibration
  • change in air pressure
  • chemicals

-initiating tight reflexive closure of laryngeal valves protecting the airway (cough)

41
Q

two systems controlling vocalization

A

CBT to nucleus ambiguus (NA)

  • allows fine control of VOLUNTARY movements
  • important for purposeful speech and voicing
  • pathway is not present in other primates
42
Q

emotional pathway

A
  • nerve fibers project between the limbic system>PAG>NA
  • involved in emotional vocalizations: laughter, crying, screaming, coughing
  • shared pathways with other primates

voice disorders (10 decks)

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