Large Intestine Flashcards

Question

What can surgeon use as reference point to help find appendix?

Answer 1

Follow taeniae coli down caecum Appendix is at point where 3 bands join Near ileocaecal junction

Answer 2

Starts in umbilical region, poorly localised. Referred pain | Moves to right iliac fossa and becomes sharp and extremely painful as peritoneum has become irritated

Answer 3

Fundus because it is often full of air

Answer 4

2/3rd distance from umbilicus to anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS). Point that used to be used for appendectomy surgery

Answer 5

Large loss of NaHCO3 so can cause metabolic acidosis

Answer 6

Retrocaecally

Answer 7

Spaces formed because ascending and descending colon are secondarily retroperitoneal Routes for fluid movement/infection spread from rectum to diaphragm

Answer 8

Left colic Sigmoid Superior rectal

Answer 9

``` Para-aortic lymph nodes Cisterna chyli Left subclavian nodes (via thoracic duct) Liver via portal venous system Sacral nodes Peritoneal cavity ```

Answer 10

Extract Na+ and water from the luminal contents Make and store faeces Move faeces towards the rectum

Answer 11

Goblet cells

Answer 12

Separates the terminal end of the ileum from the caecum Is a one-way valve guarded by a sphincter prevents back-flow of faecal contents from the colon Controls the rate at which ileal chyme enters the colon Regulated by neural and hormonal mechanisms

Answer 13

Facilitates the efficient absorption of water and salts | Permits the orderly evacuation of faeces

Answer 14

Longitudinal muscle of the colon in 3 bands called taeniae coli Combined contractions of the taeniae coli and the circular muscle layer causes the colon to bulge into ovoid segments called haustrae Haustral contractions (segmented) mix the contents of the proximal colon which facilitates water absorption

Answer 15

Propel the luminal contents from the beginning of the transverse colon to the sigmoid colon Are a series of modified peristaltic events Occur 1-3 times a day

Answer 16

Anatomical and physiological changes in the colon that occurs with chronic use of stimulant laxatives (> 3 times/week for 1 year) laxative dependency, tachyphylaxis (requires higher doses) Medical consequences such as fluid and electrolyte imbalance, steatorrhoea, vitamin and mineral deficiencies Signs and symptoms include bloating, a feeling of fullness, abdominal pain, and incomplete faecal evacuation

Answer 17

The relief of constipation with osmotic agents, i.e. lactulose or magnesium salts, should immediately be followed with prevention using increased fibre and a nightly decreasing dose of osmotic laxative In various conditions (such as chronic use of opioids), combinations of hydrating (e.g. lactulose), bulk-forming and stimulant agents may be necessary to prevent constipation

Answer 18

Frequent watery loose bowel movements

Answer 19

Secretory Osmotic Motility related Inflammatory

Answer 20

Increased active secretion, or an inhibition of absorption. No structural damage, e.g. cholera

Answer 21

Loss of water due to a heavy osmotic load, e.g.in maldigestion (e.g. Coeliac disease), where the nutrients remain in lumen, in turn pulling water into the lumen

Answer 22

Abnormally high GI motility, decreasing time available for absorption of nutrients and water. Can occur in diabetic neuropathy

Answer 23

Damage to the mucosal lining or brush border leads to a passive loss of protein-rich fluids, and a decreased ability to absorb these lost fluids. Caused by bacterial infections,viral infections, parasitic infections or autoimmune problems e.g. inflammatory bowel disease

Answer 24

erythromycin or ciprofloxacin

Answer 25

Chronic use leads to constipation, abdominal cramps, dizziness. Paralytic ileus can also occur. Do not use in young children

Answer 26

``` Form secondary bile acids Synthesise vitamin K Digest mucus Degrade digested enzymes Conversion of bilirubin to urobiligens Metabolise undigested polysaccharides ```