Homeostasis

Question 1

What is homeostasis?

Answer 1

Ability of the body to maintain an equilibrium due to a coordinated response of its parts usually by a system of feedback controls
Maintenance of the internal environment within narrow limits

Question 2

What is fat free mass?

Answer 2

Water, protein and bone minerals

Question 3

What is cachexia?

Answer 3

Wasting syndrome, loss of weight, muscle atrophy, fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite

Question 4

What is unintentional weight loss associated with?

Answer 4

Decline in ADLs and physical function
Higher rates of admission, poorer QOL
Increased risk of in hospital complications

Question 5

What factors affect body composition?

Answer 5

Biological - age, gender, ethnicity
Lifestyle - diet, physical activity, smoking, alcohol
Health related - disease, genetics
Biometric - height, fat and muscle distribution
Environment

Question 6

What is body weight?

Answer 6

Total weight of fat free mass and fat mass combined

Question 7

What is BMI?

Answer 7

Mass (kg) / height (m) x height (m)

Clinical norm is 18.5- 24.9

Question 8

What are constraints of BMI?

Answer 8

Doesn’t consider body composition or nutritional status
Should be used in conjunction with other measures
Age and gender not considered
Ethnicities have different scales of normal

Question 9

What are limitations of skinfold tests?

Answer 9

Assumes constant ratio of subcut and total fat
Sensitive to ethnic and age variations in fat distribution
Serial measurements are most effective

Question 10

What are advantages of waist circumference measurements?

Answer 10

Can assess body fat distribution - andoid or gynoid

It is practically applicable

Question 11

What are ranges of high risk and very high risk waist measurements?

Answer 11

High risk > 94cm (male) & > 80cm (female)

Very high risk >102 (male) & > 88cm (female)

Question 12

What is the difference between marasmus and kwashiorkor?

Answer 12

Marasmus - total malnutrition

Kwashiorkor - protein malnutrition

Question 13

What can be barriers to diet change?

Answer 13

Ability to cook and or shop
Money
Cooking facilities
Family preferences
Don't like vegetables
Food is emotional comfort
Lack of self belief
Health ownership
Other people's food doesn't count

Question 14

What are useful methods for helping someone to change behaviours towards eating?

Answer 14

Goal setting
Reward success
Self monitoring - food diary 
Stimulus control 
Contingency management

Question 15

What is nutrition?

Answer 15

The science of food and its relationship to health

Question 16

What is basal metabolism required for?

Answer 16

Maintaining body temperature

Keeping autonomic systems running, eg lungs, heart, kidneys, production of blood cells etc

Question 17

What are the three outputs of energy metabolism?

Answer 17

Basal metabolism
Thermic effect of food
Physical activity

Question 18

What variable factors can affect basal metabolic rate?

Answer 18

Body Composition
Activity
Fever
Stresses, Illness
Environmental temperature
Fasting / Starvation
Malnutrition
Nicotine and Caffeine
Sleep

Question 19

What are the 6 essential nutrients?

Answer 19

Water
Calories (CHO, Fat)
Protein (amino acids)
Essential fatty acids
Vitamins
Minerals

Question 20

How many calories per g are in each macronutrient?

Answer 20

Carbohydrates 3.7-4.1kcal/g, 50-75% of energy in a healthy diet
Protein 4.7kcal/g, 10-20% of energy in a healthy diet
Fat 9.4kcal/g,15-30% of energy in a healthy diet, <10% from saturated fat

Question 21

When are the fed, fasting and starved states?

Answer 21

Fed state 0-4 hours after food
Fasting state 4-12 hours after food
Starved state 12+ hours after food

Question 22

What occurs to body stores during the fasting state?

Answer 22

Glycogen stores are broken down to provide energy for nervous system and blood cells
Body fat stores are broken down to provide energy to other cell types

Question 23

What begins to happen during the starved state?

Answer 23

Protein and fat are broken down to maintain energy supply

Ketone bodies are formed from fatty acids and amino acids

Question 24

What are the five F’s for abdominal swelling?

Answer 24

Fluid
Fat
Flatulence
Faeces
Foetus

Question 25

Which vitamin deficiency are alcoholics at risk of?

Answer 25

Vitamin B