Large/Exotic Animals

Question 1

What is a unique about rabbit LSA?

Answer 1

Cutaneous LSA more common in Europe than N. America

Question 2

What is the most common equine intestinal neoplasia?

Answer 2

LSA then adenoCA then smooth muscle

Question 3

What is the most common equine gastric tumor?

Answer 3

SCC - in non glandular portion

Question 4

What is the most common bovine neoplasia?

Answer 4

lsa

Question 5

What are the 2 different forms of LSA in cows and how do they develop it?

Answer 5

Sporadic-in young(1-3yr) juvenile, thymic, cutaneous;

Viral-enzootic BLV retrovirsus seen in older cow, cows persistent leukocytosis & minority develop LSA

Question 6

What cutaneous rabbit tumors are caused by viruses?

Answer 6

Shope fibroma (Leporipoxvirus), Shope papilloma (Papovavirus) both spread by biting arthropods, regress unless immunosuppressed where they met/die

Question 6

What are tx options for rabbit thymoma?

Answer 6

Surgery or RT-MST 313-727 days (excluded 3 that died acutely)

can also treat with chemo and pred

Question 7

What kind of LSA do ferrets develop and where?

Answer 7

T cell, abdominal multicentric

Question 8

What endocrine tumor in ferrets is induced by gonadectomy?

Answer 8

Adrenocrotical neoplasia (hyperadrenocorticism), secrete sex steroids not cortisol

Question 9

What factors increase sex steroid production in ferret adrenocortical neoplasia?

Answer 9

Chronic increased LH, inhibin-α, p450, 17αhydroxylase/117,20 lyase & aromatase

Question 10

What type of LSA is common in both rabbits and horses?

Answer 10

T cell rich B cell LSA

Question 11

Is c-kit ever mutated in feline tumors and if so what exon?

Answer 11

Yes, 68% higher than dogs, exon8

Question 12

What are two animal models for the study of human papillomavirus?

Answer 12

Bovine & cottontail rabbit

lower GI tumors??

Question 13

What plant makes bovine papilloma SCC in GI & bladder?

Answer 13

Bracken fern

Question 14

Rabbit ddx thymic disease in addition to thymoma

Answer 14

thymic abscess, thymic hyperplasia

Question 15

Equine doxorubicin response rates

Answer 15

carcinoma PR 50%, melanoma 0-25% CR, LSA 100% (another sources says 47% LSA)

Question 16

hormone receptors and rabbit mammary carcinoma

Answer 16

ER-α and PR status may have prognostic significance, since ER-α- or PR-negative tumors have significantly higher mitotic rates than ER-α- or PR-positive tumors

argues against an influence of estrogen and progesterone on cancer progression

most lack ER and PR receptors
possible influence of prolactin

Question 17

The most common tumor in the female rabbit

Answer 17

uterine carcinoma

Question 18

Marek’s disease

Answer 18

caused by a herpesvirus
virus causes proliferation of lymphocytes in the heart, ovary, liver and lung, as well as in the eyes, in the feather follicles, or in the nervous system

Marek’s disease primarily affects young birds (6-20 weeks) and mortality can be high.
The virus is very contagious and is spread through direct contact (bird-to-bird aerosols and secretions) and indirect contact (contaminated material).

The virus concentrates in feather follicles and can also be shed in dander - where to look for mareks **

CS: unilateral (one-sided) paralysis, splayed leg

Question 19

most common tumor in the adult female chicken

Answer 19

Carcinomatosis, within the coelomic cavity
due to metastatic adenocarcinomas arising from the ovary, oviduct, or pancreas

Question 20

other than humans what species develops spontaneous ovarian cancer

Answer 20

chickens

Question 21

most common skin tumor of the horse

Answer 21

Sarcoids are the most common skin tumor

Common sites for growth are on the ear, neck or around the eyelids.

They are caused by bovine papillomavirus (BPV)

some are hairless circles, others are wart like thickened bumps, some are smooth firm lumps and still others are fleshy, ulcerated masses

occult, verrocous, fibroblastic, nodular, mixed, malignant

Question 22

Squamous cell carcinoma in the horse

Answer 22

external genitalia and around the eyes, including the cornea and third eyelid

cauliflowers or ulcerated pits in the tissue

can be very aggressive locally occasionally spread inside the body, usually to the stomach

UV light induced

Question 23

melanoma of the horse

Answer 23

Melanomas are a common tumor of gray horses: over 80% of gray horses over 10 years.

NOT associated with UV

Autosomal dominant phenotype in gray horses 4.6 kb
duplication within intron 6 of the Syntaxin 17 (STX17) and
high NR4A3

grow slowly eyes, perianal, tail

in non gray horses they may behave more aggressively

Melanocytic neavous
Melanocytoma (<5 yr)
Dermal melanoma (>10 yr)
Malignant melanoma (any color)

Question 24

What is the most common skin tumor in ferrets?

Answer 24

MCT: Generally cutaneous; visceral involvement is rare. Single or multiple raised, well-circumscribed, hairless nodules from 2mm to 1 cm. May be associated with pruritus and cause self-excoriation.Diagnosed and treated with surgical biopsy.

Question 25

What are the two forms of LSA in ferrets?

Answer 25

Juvenile lymphosarcoma, < 2 years old - Fast-growing, aggressive lymphoblastic disease. Adult lymphosarcoma, > 4 years old - Slow-growing, chronic lymphocytic disease. ● Poor prognosis < 10% respond to chemotherapy. Short-term palliative relief may be achieved with administration of prednisone.

Question 26

What are the common signs of adrenal associated tumors in ferrets?

Answer 26

Bilateral alopecia, Swollen vulva and vaginal discharge, stump pyometra in spayed jill, Urinary blockage or dysuria in males, Excessive mounting behavior and aggression in both sexes. Chronic cases: Anemia, bone marrow suppression, Muscle wasting, Posterior weakness and lethargy. ● Signs are secondary to hyperestrogenism due to adrenal tumor. ● Termed ferret hyperadrenocorticism but is NOT like canine Cushing’s disease with elevated cortisol levels; ferrets have elevated estrogen. (salt, sugar, sex = GFR = zona granulosa, fasiculata, reticularis

Question 27

The serological detection of Bovine papillomavirus’s E5 oncoprotein antibodies in horses

Answer 27

ELISA test by utilising the C terminal peptide of the E5 oncoprotein associated with equine sarccoids

Question 28

Tumor microenvironment and stroma in intestinal adenocarcinomas and associated metastases in Atlantic salmon broodfish

Answer 28

In intestinal tumors, substantial amounts of T cells were detected in the stroma, whilst MHC class II+ cells were mainly among the cancerous cells Mast cells showed a strong association with stroma Ig+ cells were scattered around the metastatic tissue in no particular pattern, but were occasionally observed within clusters of tumor cells. Small numbers of mast cells were detected in the stroma

Question 29

Cytokine expression in the eye and brain of chickens following infection with a very virulent plus Marek’s disease virus strain

Answer 29

up regulation of inflammatory cytokines- While proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-8, IL-18), iNOS, IFN-α, IFN-γ, and IL-15 were upregulated in the brain early and Late, only IL-8 and IFN-γ were upregulated in the eye at both times No differences were found in any of the viral transcripts between eye and brain during early dz. However, during the Late disease, the levels of meq viral transcripts were higher in the eye than in the brain

Question 30

RNA-seq analysis of viral gene expression in the skin of Marek’s disease virus

Answer 30

Performed rna seq - 42 viral genes that were differentially expressed in the skin of infected birds involved in DNA replication, capsid, tegument, and envelope formation higher expression of the genes was observed in the skin of the susceptible line than the resistant line. significantly higher expression of the genes in the skin of either lines than the spleen

Question 31

Partial parotid sialoadenectomy in a horse with parotid ductal carcinoma

Answer 31

case report

Question 32

Multiple myeloma presenting as blepharitis in a horse

Answer 32

marked hyperglobulinemia bone marrow >30% plasma cells

Question 33

Lymphoma with Mott cell differentiation and validation of immunohistochemical lymphoid markers in an African pygmy hedgehog

Answer 33

expressed the transcription factor Pax5, which drives B-cell differentiation, and a minority expressed transcription factor IRF4/MUM-1, which drives plasma cell differentiation, indicating B-cell lymphoma with plasmacytoid differentiation

Question 34

Circulating melanin-containing cells and neutrophils with phagocytized melanin granules in a horse with disseminated melanoma

Question 35

mammary carcinoma bovine paraneoplastic syndrome

Answer 35

rare hypercalcemia

Question 36

Pot-bellied Vietnamese pig with visceral mast cell tumors and mastocytemia

Question 37

Morphological and immunohistochemical characterization and molecular classification of spontaneous mammary gland tumors in macropods (kangaroo)

Answer 37

red kangaroo most common none were HER2 pos all were PR + some were ER and EGFR+

Question 38

Outcome of external beam radiotherapy for treatment of noncutaneous tumors of the head in horses

Answer 38

63% AEs- this did not affect outcome or survival Horses with tumors of the maxilla/nasal cavity had significantly shorter median OS compared to horses with tumors in other locations (21 months vs 145 months) Fifteen out of 32 (47%) horses had complications related to anesthesia, the presence of the tumor itself or radiation therapy Fourteen horses had major complications (44%) including 1 or more of: acute respiratory difficulty, thrombophlebitis, corneal ulceration, colic and trismus Minor complications (9.4%) included 1 or more of redness or pain at the site of therapy, tooth loss due to regression of the tumor, and transient fever.

Question 39

ALVAC-fIL2, a feline interleukin-2 immunomodulator, as a treatment for sarcoids in horses

Answer 39

Intratumoral injection of ALVAC‐fIL2 has promise as a well‐tolerated and effective, tissue‐sparing treatment for horses with sarcoid tumors Tumor size decreased in 86% of the horses, and the median time to first response was 89 days Median time to best response was 211 days transient inflammation in 2 horses

Question 40

Neoplastic and Non-Neoplastic Masses in Domestic Pet Rabbits

Answer 40

Cutaneous masses 47%: trichoblastoma > nodular panniculitis > epithelial/mesenchymal (viral induced by Shope papilloma or myxomatosis) Mammary 21% with 94% of these malignant Repro 9% - typically uterine adenocarcinoma ISS like cats and occular posttramuatic sarcoma also reported

Question 41

Clinical and pathological findings of rabbits with lymphoma

Answer 41

8 years, DBCL most common ⅚ patients receiving chemo (various protocols) had response MST for 11 rabbits 60d B cell 8 days (1-150), and T 36d (1-90

Question 42

Development of renal adenocarcinoma in a ferret with renal cortical cysts

Answer 42

neoplastic transformation of the cyst

Question 43

Retrospective evaluation of clinical outcome after chemotherapy for lymphoma in 15 equids

Answer 43

CR in 5 horses 33% PR in 9 60% SD in 1 horse ORR 93.3% MST 8 months (1 - 46 mths)

Question 44

commercially available thymidine kinase 1 assay for diagnosis of lymphoma in 42 hospitalized horses

Answer 44

Serum TK1 values were not predictive of lymphoma diagnosis in this cohort of horses ** impt caution- this is from JVIM 2021 paper saying the commercial test is bad there is a BMC 2021 paper that says tk1 it is a good marker!! Conflicting evidence

Question 45

Clinical presentation and treatment of lymphoma in companion rats

Answer 45

Respiratory abnormalities most common presentation for the 7 rats diagnosed with lymphoma (pulmonary nodules, cr mediastinal widening, alteration to cardiac silhouette present) MST

Question 46

Lymphoid leukemia in five bearded dragons

Answer 46

All had PR to CCNU st 57 - 416 days

Question 47

Clinical features, treatment, and outcomes of cutaneous and oral squamous cell carcinoma in avian species

Answer 47

SCC in birds best treated with complete excision, MS 628d - 1.7 yrs Palliative care or monitoring MST171 days <6 mths Other treatments which included cryotherapy, RT, strontium, intralesional chemo results in MST 357d

Question 48

Unusual splenic B-cell lymphoma in two related Sumatran tigers

Answer 48

sire tiger got ccnu and lived 21 months child tiger got lspar had no response then had splenectomy and receives long term pred and is still alive

Question 49

Rapid clinical progression of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia in a horse

Answer 49

Lived 6 weeks after initiating treatment with chlorambucil and pred

Question 50

Successful radiation treatment of undertail fibrosarcoma in a Major Mitchell’s cockatoo

Answer 50

3 gy x 20 tumor decreased in size no AE has not regrown

Question 51

Adaptive radiation therapy using weekly hypofractionation for thymoma treatment: A retrospective study of 10 rabbits

Answer 51

PFS 561 days, OST 634 days tumor volume decreased with each weekly treatment (30Gy total) Replanning should be anticipated with this schedule

Question 52

KIT mutations in mast cell tumours from cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) and domestic cats (Felis catus)

Answer 52

KIT exon 6, 8, 9 in domestic cats with no impact on grade or MI KIT mutation conserved in cheetahs but tumor pathogenesis not understood

Question 53

Most common tumor in goats?

Answer 53

LSA - can also get lymphocyte rich thymoma

Question 54

% homology equine tyrosinase to human?

Answer 54

90% - similar to dogs suggest Oncept would be beneficial - No published literate of RR but ongoing trials funded by Merk and anecdotal benefit

Question 55

Clin path changes and MST horse gastric SCC?

Answer 55

- Anemia (37%) and hypercalcemia of malignancy (25%) described - Median time from onset of CS to death 4 weeks

Question 56

MTD and DLT doxorubicin in horse?

Answer 56

MTD 75 mg/m2 q 3 week (rec giving 70) DLT = hyersensitivity & neutropenia - pre tx w/ NSAID and Benadryl

Question 57

Bovine leukemia virus - type of virus and MOA?

Answer 57

- Delta retrovirus – integrates into B-cell DNA - Contains oncogene for Tax protein - Horizontal transmission – saliva, milk from dam to offspring - Uses cell to cell contact for transmission - Most infections subclinical – 30% develop persistent lymphocytosis - 1-3% develop LSA by age 4-8 yrs

Question 58

Endemic form of lymphoma in cows associated with BLV

Answer 58

- B cell lineage - Typically older (>4 years) - 30% BLV persistent lymphocytosis – needed to know if the lymphocytosis was polyclonal** IT IS! - Gp51 – only 1.7% of positive cattle have LSA

Question 59

Non BLV bovine LSA

Answer 59

- Generalized lymphadenopathy in calves - Thymic form (calves 6 mo to 2 yr) - Cutaneous form (1-3 years)

Question 60

Gene associated with melanoma formation in horses?

Answer 60

STX17 gene duplication and mutation in the ASIP gene that increases MC1R pathway signaling

Question 61

Which IHC is positive for chickens with Mareks?

Answer 61

CD3

Question 62

Which IHC is positive for Avian Leukosis?

Answer 62

- Pax5 - CD20 does not work on birds