large animal urinary disorders

Question 1

what is cystitis?

Answer 1

trauma to bladder

Question 2

what species does cystitis effect?

Answer 2

any species

Question 3

what is the cause of cystitis?

Answer 3

trauma, contaminated/repeated catheterization, calculi in bladder, difficult parturition

Question 4

cystitis is more common in?

Answer 4

females

Question 5

what are the clinical signs of cystitis?

Answer 5

urination attempts with little amounts, remaining in urination stance after urinating, urine dribbling, painful urination

Question 6

what bacteria contributes to cystitis?

Answer 6

E. coli

Question 7

what is found on the urinalysis when diagnosing cystitis?

Answer 7

hematuria, pyuria, protein, turbid urine

Question 8

how do we treat cystitis?

Answer 8

antimicrobials, chronic cases - antibiotics 10 days due to bacteria localizing in bladder wall

Question 9

what is urolithiasis also known as?

Answer 9

water belly, urinary calculi, stones

Question 10

can dietary treatment for dissolution of stones a method of treatment?

Answer 10

no

Question 11

what is the cause of urolithiasis?

Answer 11

normal urinary solutes may precipitate out of urine to form calculi

Question 12

what factors contribute to the pathogenesis of urolithiasis?

Answer 12

increased urine concentration, urinary stasis, bladder infection, high grain/low roughage, pH, diets high in minerals, low vitamin A, high estrogen levels

Question 13

what are calculi ramifications in relation to urolithiasis (what can calculi do)?

Answer 13

totally block urethra, partially block urethra, partial flow causes necrosis

Question 14

what are the clinical signs of urolithiasis?

Answer 14

abdominal pain, straining to urinate, hematuria, “icicle” build up in winter,

Question 15

what happens during a urethral rupture?

Answer 15

urine leaks causing pitting edema in ventral abdominal wall

Question 16

what are the clinical signs of a bladder rupture?

Answer 16

pain stops, toxic, anorexia, coma

Question 17

what do we look for when we complete a urinalysis in relation to urolithiasis?

Answer 17

erythrocytes, epithelial cells, crystals, bacteria

Question 18

in horses, what is the most common calculi?

Answer 18

calcium carbonate

Question 19

how do we treat urolithiasis in a gelding?

Answer 19

bladder - laparoscopic removal, urethra - express manually or cut through median raphe

Question 20

how do we treat urolithiasis in mares?

Answer 20

remove with hand or forceps

Question 21

how do we treat urolithiasis in rams?

Answer 21

urethral - snip off urethral process

Question 22

how do we treat urolithiasis in a steer?

Answer 22

urethra - penile urethrostomy

Question 23

what is the result after a penile urethrostomy on a steer?

Answer 23

urinates from behind

Question 24

how do we prevent urolithiasis?

Answer 24

Ca:P in recommended range, ensure adequate water consumption, supply adequate roughage, acidify urine with ammonium chloride

Question 25

in what species does patent urachus occur?

Answer 25

foals

Question 26

what does the urachus connect?

Answer 26

bladder to the umbilicus to the allantoic sac

Question 27

when does the urachus close?

Answer 27

at birth or shortly after

Question 28

what will we see If the urachus fails to close?

Answer 28

urine will be seen dribbling from the umbilicus

Question 29

what does a patent urachus cause?

Answer 29

vulnerability to pathogens

Question 30

what are the clinical signs/diagnosis for a patent urachus?

Answer 30

urine dribbling, cystitis, septicaemia and or joint sepsis

Question 31

what are the 4 treatment options for patent urachus?

Answer 31

spontaneously correct, urinary catheter, topical cauterizing agent (iodine), surgery to remove

Question 32

what are urethral diverticular concretion known as?

Answer 32

smegma/bean problems

Question 33

smegma/beans is more common in?

Answer 33

males, horses spending all of time in arenas due to soil build up

Question 34

what are the clinical signs of smegma/beans?

Answer 34

dysuria, urine spraying, swelling of the distal penis near the urethral opening

Question 35

what is the treatment for smegma/beans?

Answer 35

clean area, mild soap or lubricant added to water, rinse well

Question 36

where does bean accumulate?

Answer 36

urethral diverticulum

Question 37

how is bean created?

Answer 37

the build up of smegma forms a bean