large animal female reproductive disorders

Question 1

what is dystocia?

Answer 1

difficult birth, stage taking longer then 1 1/2 hours with no progress

Question 2

what are the causes of dystocia?

Answer 2

fetal malpresentations/malpositions, fetal size, multiple feti, uterine inertia, lack of dilation, inappropriate BCS

Question 3

what is an anterior presentation in relation to malposition?

Answer 3

head back or to the side, one or both front legs back

Question 4

what is an posterior presentation in relation to malposition?

Answer 4

one leg back, no legs presenting at all

Question 5

what is an sideways presentation in relation to malposition?

Answer 5

neither can feel some aspect of the side of the calf

Question 6

what are the clinical signs of dystocia?

Answer 6

feet showing with no movement, increased straining with no visualization of fetus, inability to rise, abnormal discharge

Question 7

what is the diagnosis of dystocia?

Answer 7

clinical signs, labor stages, palpate

Question 8

how do we treat dystocia?

Answer 8

external assistance (ropes, hands, chains, pullers)

Question 9

how do we know what legs are presented to us?

Answer 9

front - , back -

Question 10

how do we correct uterine torsion?

Answer 10

internal manipulation, rolling back and forth

Question 11

how do we treat a dystocia with a large or malformed fetus?

Answer 11

assistance, c-section, fetotomy

Question 12

how do we treat a dystocia with an overweight/underweight dam?

Answer 12

external assistance due to not being able to sustain contractions

Question 13

how do we treat a dystocia with minimal uterine contractions?

Answer 13

deficiency of calcium or oxytocin, injections, c-section

Question 14

how do we treat a dystocia with lack of dilation?

Answer 14

may not have stretched, engage and release fetus to assist

Question 15

how to the chains need to be applied when expelling a fetus?

Answer 15

over both joints

Question 16

how do we check a calfs viability?

Answer 16

squeeze soft tissue between toes, septum between nostrils, tongue, apply pressure to eyelids, insert finger in anus

Question 17

how can we tell if the calf is too big?

Answer 17

head wanting to turn back when pulling, front legs are crossed

Question 18

what is the neonatal period in bovines?

Answer 18

up to 28 days old

Question 19

what is the neonatal period in equine?

Answer 19

up to one week old

Question 20

what is the neonatal period in ovine?

Answer 20

up to 72 hours

Question 21

what is an abortion?

Answer 21

loss of pregnancy at any stage of gestation

Question 22

what are infectious causes of abortions?

Answer 22

infectious and sporadic or infectious and transmissible