Large Animal Nutritional Illnesses Flashcards
Symptoms of bloat in ruminants?
Distention of left, then right flank. Hypersalivation. Profuse burping. increased froth or gas accumulation in rumen. Respiratory distress. Cyanosis. Death.
Causes of bloat in ruminants?
Change in pasture with heavy fertilizer. Genetics. Bacterial overgrowth. Overeating.
Preventing bloat in ruminants?
Feed coarse grasses or dry forage before turnout to quick growing pastures. Avoid straight pastures. Keep continuous stock on pasture. allow full access to water and salt.
Symptoms of enterotoxemia in ruminants?
Death often first symptom. Circling. Progressive weakness. Head butting. Convulsions.
Causes of enterotoxemia in ruminants?
Often faster occurrence in in growing juveniles. Clostridium perfringens. Excess consumption of high energy feed or lush pastures or heavy milk supply.
Prevention of enterotoxemia in ruminants?
Vaccinate with clostridium perfringens type D for lambs and type C and D for breeding ewes.
What species do enterotoxemia primarily in occur in?
Sheep and goats. Sometimes cattle.
Symptoms of fescue toxics is in ruminants?
+/- lameness. Necrosis of tail end. Decreased milk production. Abortion.
Cause of fescue toxicosis in ruminants?
Increased change in parasitized animal. Increase in malnourished animals. Endophyte fungus. Acremonium coenophialum.
Prevention of fescue toxicosis in ruminants?
Avoid heavy parasitism and malnutrition. use fungus free fescue seed for planting
What species of animal are mostly affected by fescue toxicosis? When is the highest occurrence?
Cattle and sheep (fescue foot) mostly. Highest occurrence is in fall and winter in all fescue pasture.
Symptoms of grass tetany in ruminants (hypomagnesemia)?
Disorientation. Paddling. Convulsions. Muscle twitching.
Causes of grass tetany in ruminants?
Most common in cows 4 years and older. Increased occurrence during early lactation and heavy milking cows. Pastures with decreased Mg2+ and increased K+ and decreased Ca+ availability.
Preventing grass tetany in ruminants?
Start providing Mg2+ 30 days before high risk times. Increase Mg2+ in lactating and older cows and ewes. Highest risk during spring, winter and fall. Molasses supplemented with Mg2+ May be required.
Symptoms of milk fever in ruminants? (Parturition, paresis, or hypocalcemia)
Decreased appetite, nervous behavior, collapse, wrenching of head toward back
Causes of milk fever in ruminant?
Postcalving in high-production cows. Decreased blood Ca2+
Prevention of milk fever in ruminants?
Feed increased P, decreased Ca2+ 14 days before parturition. Feed balanced Ca2+ / P rations. Vitamin D intake provided 1 week before parturition. Avoid obesity.
Symptoms of displaced abomasum in ruminants?
Decreased appetite, decreased milk production, diarrhea, discolored feces
Causes of displaced abomasum in ruminants?
Pregnancy, lack of bulk in diet, sudden jarring of fresh cows, poor muscle tone, mycotoxin exposure. Occurs most frequently in high-producing, heavily fed dairy cattle near parturition.
Prevention of displaced abomasum in ruminants?
Avoid acidosis or alkalosis, Eliminate or reduce moly or mycotoxin-laden feed.
Symptoms of ketosis in ruminants? Time of occurrence in cattle and sheep?
Occurs 14-50 days after parturition in cattle. Occurs 2 weeks before parturition in sheep. Decreased milk production. Decreased appetite. sugary-acid breath. Decreased body weight. Frequent urination. Trembling. Collapse.
Causes of ketosis in ruminants?
Increased chances in multiple births with ewes and does. Rapid loss of body fat and low availability of carbohydrates in diet.
Prevention of ketosis in ruminants?
Maintain lean body condition and prevent excess fat. Increase energy intake before parturition and decrease after parturition. Avoid sudden changes in the physical nature of the feed.
Symptoms of thiamine-deficiency polio in ruminants?
Decreased vision, in coordination, acute death, excitable
Causes of thiamine-deficiency polio in ruminants?
Thiamine deficiency, overgrazing, feeing lambs in rich pasture. Occurs primarily in feedlot and young cattle under 2 years old. Goats may be affected while nursing young.
Prevention of thiamine-deficiency polio in ruminants?
Cause not fully discovered. Decrease grain intake while increasing roughage quality, 1 week before. Increase animals’ intake of high-energy diets.
Symptoms of rickets in ruminants?
In young animals, enlarged joints. Painful gait, leg bowing
Causes of rickets in ruminants?
Incorrect Ca2+, P, vitamin intake
Prevention of rickets in ruminants?
Provide balanced Ca2+, P, and vitamin D diets
Symptoms of urinary calculi in ruminants?
Difficulty urinating
Causes of urinary calculi in ruminants?
Increase in feedlots
Prevention of urinary calculi in ruminants?
Provide readily available water.
Symptoms of urolithiasis in ruminants?
Bloody urine
Causes of urolithiasis in ruminants?
High K+ consumption, increase P, decreased Ca2+
Prevention of urolithiasis in ruminants?
Balance P/Ca2+ ratio
Symptoms of water belly in ruminants?
Kicking at abdomen, rupture of bladder
Causes of water belly in ruminants?
vitamin A deficiency, excess silicate intake
Prevention of water belly in ruminants?
Prevent vitamin A deficiency. Increase salt availability. Balance ratios
Symptoms of white muscle disease in ruminants?
Irregular gait, hunched-back appearance, heart irregularities, death
Causes of white muscle disease in ruminants?
Se deficiency. Geographic distribution: decreased Se in many areas of the US and Canada. Most commonly occurs in most rapidly growing individuals in flock or herd
Prevention of white muscle disease in ruminants?
Increase Se in dietary intake in known deficient areas
