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VTNE weaknesses > Large Animal Nutritional Illnesses > Flashcards

Large Animal Nutritional Illnesses Flashcards

1
Q

Symptoms of bloat in ruminants?

A

Distention of left, then right flank. Hypersalivation. Profuse burping. increased froth or gas accumulation in rumen. Respiratory distress. Cyanosis. Death.

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2
Q

Causes of bloat in ruminants?

A

Change in pasture with heavy fertilizer. Genetics. Bacterial overgrowth. Overeating.

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3
Q

Preventing bloat in ruminants?

A

Feed coarse grasses or dry forage before turnout to quick growing pastures. Avoid straight pastures. Keep continuous stock on pasture. allow full access to water and salt.

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4
Q

Symptoms of enterotoxemia in ruminants?

A

Death often first symptom. Circling. Progressive weakness. Head butting. Convulsions.

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5
Q

Causes of enterotoxemia in ruminants?

A

Often faster occurrence in in growing juveniles. Clostridium perfringens. Excess consumption of high energy feed or lush pastures or heavy milk supply.

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6
Q

Prevention of enterotoxemia in ruminants?

A

Vaccinate with clostridium perfringens type D for lambs and type C and D for breeding ewes.

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7
Q

What species do enterotoxemia primarily in occur in?

A

Sheep and goats. Sometimes cattle.

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8
Q

Symptoms of fescue toxics is in ruminants?

A

+/- lameness. Necrosis of tail end. Decreased milk production. Abortion.

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9
Q

Cause of fescue toxicosis in ruminants?

A

Increased change in parasitized animal. Increase in malnourished animals. Endophyte fungus. Acremonium coenophialum.

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10
Q

Prevention of fescue toxicosis in ruminants?

A

Avoid heavy parasitism and malnutrition. use fungus free fescue seed for planting

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11
Q

What species of animal are mostly affected by fescue toxicosis? When is the highest occurrence?

A

Cattle and sheep (fescue foot) mostly. Highest occurrence is in fall and winter in all fescue pasture.

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12
Q

Symptoms of grass tetany in ruminants (hypomagnesemia)?

A

Disorientation. Paddling. Convulsions. Muscle twitching.

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13
Q

Causes of grass tetany in ruminants?

A

Most common in cows 4 years and older. Increased occurrence during early lactation and heavy milking cows. Pastures with decreased Mg2+ and increased K+ and decreased Ca+ availability.

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14
Q

Preventing grass tetany in ruminants?

A

Start providing Mg2+ 30 days before high risk times. Increase Mg2+ in lactating and older cows and ewes. Highest risk during spring, winter and fall. Molasses supplemented with Mg2+ May be required.

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15
Q

Symptoms of milk fever in ruminants? (Parturition, paresis, or hypocalcemia)

A

Decreased appetite, nervous behavior, collapse, wrenching of head toward back

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16
Q

Causes of milk fever in ruminant?

A

Postcalving in high-production cows. Decreased blood Ca2+

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17
Q

Prevention of milk fever in ruminants?

A

Feed increased P, decreased Ca2+ 14 days before parturition. Feed balanced Ca2+ / P rations. Vitamin D intake provided 1 week before parturition. Avoid obesity.

18
Q

Symptoms of displaced abomasum in ruminants?

A

Decreased appetite, decreased milk production, diarrhea, discolored feces

19
Q

Causes of displaced abomasum in ruminants?

A

Pregnancy, lack of bulk in diet, sudden jarring of fresh cows, poor muscle tone, mycotoxin exposure. Occurs most frequently in high-producing, heavily fed dairy cattle near parturition.

20
Q

Prevention of displaced abomasum in ruminants?

A

Avoid acidosis or alkalosis, Eliminate or reduce moly or mycotoxin-laden feed.

21
Q

Symptoms of ketosis in ruminants? Time of occurrence in cattle and sheep?

A

Occurs 14-50 days after parturition in cattle. Occurs 2 weeks before parturition in sheep. Decreased milk production. Decreased appetite. sugary-acid breath. Decreased body weight. Frequent urination. Trembling. Collapse.

22
Q

Causes of ketosis in ruminants?

A

Increased chances in multiple births with ewes and does. Rapid loss of body fat and low availability of carbohydrates in diet.

23
Q

Prevention of ketosis in ruminants?

A

Maintain lean body condition and prevent excess fat. Increase energy intake before parturition and decrease after parturition. Avoid sudden changes in the physical nature of the feed.

24
Q

Symptoms of thiamine-deficiency polio in ruminants?

A

Decreased vision, in coordination, acute death, excitable

25
Q

Causes of thiamine-deficiency polio in ruminants?

A

Thiamine deficiency, overgrazing, feeing lambs in rich pasture. Occurs primarily in feedlot and young cattle under 2 years old. Goats may be affected while nursing young.

26
Q

Prevention of thiamine-deficiency polio in ruminants?

A

Cause not fully discovered. Decrease grain intake while increasing roughage quality, 1 week before. Increase animals’ intake of high-energy diets.

27
Q

Symptoms of rickets in ruminants?

A

In young animals, enlarged joints. Painful gait, leg bowing

28
Q

Causes of rickets in ruminants?

A

Incorrect Ca2+, P, vitamin intake

29
Q

Prevention of rickets in ruminants?

A

Provide balanced Ca2+, P, and vitamin D diets

30
Q

Symptoms of urinary calculi in ruminants?

A

Difficulty urinating

31
Q

Causes of urinary calculi in ruminants?

A

Increase in feedlots

32
Q

Prevention of urinary calculi in ruminants?

A

Provide readily available water.

33
Q

Symptoms of urolithiasis in ruminants?

A

Bloody urine

34
Q

Causes of urolithiasis in ruminants?

A

High K+ consumption, increase P, decreased Ca2+

35
Q

Prevention of urolithiasis in ruminants?

A

Balance P/Ca2+ ratio

36
Q

Symptoms of water belly in ruminants?

A

Kicking at abdomen, rupture of bladder

37
Q

Causes of water belly in ruminants?

A

vitamin A deficiency, excess silicate intake

38
Q

Prevention of water belly in ruminants?

A

Prevent vitamin A deficiency. Increase salt availability. Balance ratios

39
Q

Symptoms of white muscle disease in ruminants?

A

Irregular gait, hunched-back appearance, heart irregularities, death

40
Q

Causes of white muscle disease in ruminants?

A

Se deficiency. Geographic distribution: decreased Se in many areas of the US and Canada. Most commonly occurs in most rapidly growing individuals in flock or herd

41
Q

Prevention of white muscle disease in ruminants?

A

Increase Se in dietary intake in known deficient areas

VTNE weaknesses (5 decks)

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