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Neuro > Large animal neuro exam > Flashcards

Large animal neuro exam Flashcards

1
Q

Should you do a systematic exam or a head to tail exam?

A

Combination of the two probably best in horses, use a checklist!

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2
Q

Where in the brain is grey matter located?

A

On the outside

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3
Q

Where in the spinal cord is grey matter found?

A

On the inside (White matter is on the outside)

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4
Q

What is white matter made up of?

A

myelinated nerve axons

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5
Q

What is the grey matter made up of?

A

The cell bodies of those axons

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6
Q

Why might it be important to establish whether any horses have been showing respiratory signs if you have a neurologically abnormal horse?

A

Equine herpes (EHV 1)- can cause neuro signs but more commonly respiratory

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7
Q

What is the most common cause of stringhalt?

A

Toxic peripheral neuropathy

causes hyperflexion hind limb gait

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8
Q

Why is it important to do a general physical exam before neuro exam?

A

There can be many non neuro things that can cause neuro like signs

e.g. heart failure causing generalised weakness

Jaundice may be making the horse depressed

Could it just be lame? e.g. acute lameness due to foot abscess

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9
Q

What region of the brain is head pressing associated with?

A

Forebrain disease

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10
Q

What area of the brain is excessive yawning associated with?

A

Forebrain disease

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11
Q

Which region of the brain might be implicated if you have bizarre behavioural changes e.g. circling, hyperaestesia, head turn, odd poses, etc

A

Fore brain

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12
Q

What region of the brain is implicated in seizuring horses?

A

forebrain

May start as focal and then become generalised

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13
Q

Cerebellar disease in horses is rare or common?

A

Rare, much more so than smallies

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14
Q

What are the common signs associated with cerebellar disease?

A

Spastic or exaggerated movements

Absence or diminished menace response

Intention tremor

Ataxia WITHOUT weakness

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15
Q

What breed does cerebellar abiotrophy affect?

A

Arabians

Rare genetic disease

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16
Q

What are the pons reticular formation and medulla collectively called?

A

the brainstem

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17
Q

What part of the brain is being described:

ascending proprioceptive pathways

descending motor pathways

cranial nerve nuclei

A

Brainstem

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18
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

Part of the brainstem, to do with consciousness

The bit caffeine works on to wake you up!

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19
Q

Why do horses with brainstem disease often blink excessively?

A

Nystagmus (often associated with vestibular disease) causes the horse to blink

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20
Q

What nerve might be compromised in a horse with a wonky muzzle or droopy ear?

A

Facial nerve (VII)

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21
Q

What are the twelve cranial nerves

A

opthalmic

optic

occulomotor

trochlear

trigeminal

abducens

facial

vestibulocochlear

glossopharnygeal

vagus

accessory

hypoglossal

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22
Q

What nerve is the afferent component of the PLR?

A

OPtic nerve

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23
Q

What nerve is involved in the efferent component of the PLR?

A

occulomotor (parasympathetic fibres) constrict the pupil

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24
Q

What is the pathway of the menace response?

A

optic nerve

optic chiasm

thalamus

opposite occipital cortex

facial nerve and nucleus

cerebellum

REQUIRES FOREBRAIN INVOLVEMENT OF THE CONTRALATERAL CEREBRAL CORTEX

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25
Q

Why do prey animals have greater cross over at the optic chiasm? (about 80%)

A

depth of field perception less important, more important to have a very large visual field

26
Q

How do you best assess vision in horses?

A

Make them an obstacle course to walk around with one eye covered at a time

Fundic examination

27
Q

Which three nerves are involved in positioning of the eye via the extraocular muscles?

A

Occulomotor nerve (III)

Trochlear nerve (IV)

Abducens nerve (VI)

28
Q

What is strabismus?

A

Abnormalities in eye position

29
Q

What is the retractor oculi reflex and what nerves are involved?

A

Press on cornea through eyelid

Feel for reflex retraction of the globe

Afferent: Trigeminal nerve (V)

Efferent: Abducens (VI)

30
Q

Which nerve is motor to the muscles of mastication?

A

Trigeminal

31
Q

Which nerve is probably implicated if massetor and or temporalis muscles atrophied?

A

Trigeminal

32
Q

A left sided head tilt is indicative of **** side vestibular disease

A

left

33
Q

facial nerve and vestibular problems often go hand in hand

A

:)

34
Q

What is the difference between central and peripheral neurological disease?

A

Central is within the brain or spinal cord

peripheral is outside of the brain/spinal cord

35
Q

Disease within the inner or middle ear would count as ***** vestibular disease

A

peripheral

36
Q

What is vertical nystagmus indicative of?

A

Central vestibular disease

37
Q

What sort of nystagmus does peripheral vestibular disease cause?

A

Horizontal nystagmus

38
Q

In peripheral vestibular horizontal nystagmus, the fast phase travels ******* the side of the lesion

A

away from

remember as you run away from something fast!

39
Q

What is the best way to assess caudal cranial nerves in horses?

A

Endoscopy

Horses often have dysphagia

40
Q

What should you treat fluphenazine toxicity with?

A

diphenhydramine

41
Q

What is the cause of horners syndrome?

A

Interuption of sympathetic nerve pathway between hypothalamus and eye

42
Q

What are the clinical signs of horners in horses?

A

Ptosis - downwards pointing eyelashes

miosis

enopthalmus (gives prominent third eyelid)

prominent third eyelid

conjunctival and nasal discharge

Sweating in the region where the sympathetic nerve supply occurs

43
Q

Why do horses sweat at the point where sympathetic pathway compromised?

A

Sweating in horses mostly autonomically controlled, parasympathetic causes BV dilation in the skin surface.

local vasodilation –> sweating

44
Q

What is the general path of the sympathetic fibres to the region of the eye and face?

A

Come out of the hypothalamus and run down the spine to the region of T1-T2, here they form the vagosympathetic trunk and go back up towards the eye and face

45
Q

What nerve would be affected if there was sweating over the side of the neck?

A

VERTEBRAL nerve

46
Q

If there is sweating just on the body we can say that the lesion..

A

Affects the sympathetic nerve supply after the vertebral/vagosympathetic trunk

47
Q

Hypermetria, hypometria and dysmetria are all forms of

A

ataxia

48
Q

What is the definition of ataxia?

A

Functional deficit associated with defective proprioception

49
Q

What do we call is when the ‘back end doesn’t follow the front end’?

A

Truncal sway

50
Q

Differentiating lameness from assymetrical ataxia, what should you ask yourself?

A

Is the problem irregularly irregular? If yes - probably ataxia, if the same every stride probably musculoskeletal

eg sacroiliac disease can sometimes give a weird gait but is regular

51
Q
A
52
Q

Pacing is..

A

When both left feet move together and both right feet move together (like barbie horse)

53
Q

Ataxia is a ****** deficit as opposed to weakness which is a ***** deficit

A

sensory

motor

54
Q

Standing tail pull assesses..

A

LMN weakness

55
Q

Walking tail pull assesses..

A

UMN weakness

56
Q

These signs are consistent with UMN or LMN?

Inability to control the muscles

Normal or increased tone

No muscle atrophy

A

Upper motor neuron

57
Q

These signs are consistent with UMN or LMN?

Innability to contract the muscles

Flaccidity

Muscle atrophy if chronic

A

LMN

58
Q

What’s the proper name for tying up?

A

Exertional rhabdomyolysis

59
Q

Localising spinal lesions..

limb weakness can indicate..

A

local spinal cord damamge

60
Q

If a horse is standing you can assume that spinal reflexes are..

A

intact

Withdrawal reflexes are useful in recumbent horses

61
Q

What are cauda equina signs?

A

Lack of perineal reflex

Tail flacidity

Urinary incontinence

Difficulty defecating –> rectal impaction

Neuro (13 decks)

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