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Neuro > Forebrain and Brainstem Disease > Flashcards

Forebrain and Brainstem Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is the proper name for the cerebral cortex?

A

telencephalon

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2
Q

What is the proper name for the region of the brain that the Thalamus is a part of?

A

Diencephalon

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3
Q

What is the forebrain?

A

The cerebrum and thalamus

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4
Q

What are the five lobes of the cerebrum?

A

Olfactory lobes

Frontal lobes

Parietal lobes

Temporal lobes

Occipital lobes

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5
Q

What does the olfactory lobe do?

A

perception of smell

Limbic system

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6
Q

What does the temporal lobe do?

A

Auditory area

Vestibular conscious perception

Pyriform lobe forms part of the olfactor and limbic systems

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7
Q

What does the frontal lobe do?

A

Mainly motor

Corticospinal and Corticonuclear tracts

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8
Q

What does the parietal lobe do?

A

Mostly sensory, some motor areas

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9
Q

What does the occipital lobe do?

A

Visual conscious perception

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10
Q

What is the path travelled in sight?

A

Optic nerve

Optic chiasm

Optic tract

Lateral geniculate nucleus

Occipital lobe

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11
Q

What is the route of the menace response? (after the occipital lobe)

A

association fibres to Motor cortex, projection fibres to cerebellar cortex via transverse fibers of the pons, efferent cerebellar fibres to facial nuclei, facial nerve

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12
Q

When might you not see the menace reponse (other than defect in the pathway)

A

Young animals less than 12 weeks

Stressed patients

Lethargic patients

Disorientated patients

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13
Q

Is it normal to have behavioural changes in an animal with forebrain disease?

A

Can be yes,

Altered behaviour=thalamus

May be depressed, confused, stupor, coma

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14
Q

Can you get seizures assoicated with forebrain disease?

A

yes

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15
Q

What is hemi neglect syndrome?

A

When the animal doesn’t perceive some areas of space e.g. may only go for half of their food bowl

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16
Q

What gait changes might be observed with forebrain disease?

A

May be normal,.

May head press, circle, pace

Proprioceptive ataxia and tetraparesis

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17
Q

Do forebrain lesion animals head turn/circle towards or away from the lesion?

A

towards the lesion

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18
Q

What does pleurothotanous mean?

A

Head turn with associated body turn

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19
Q

Decreased postural reactions are associated with forebrain disease on the ****lateral side

A

contralateral

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20
Q
A
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21
Q

Decreased facial sensitisation is associated with forebrain disease on the ****lateral side

A

contra

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22
Q

Which nerve mainly provides sensation to the face?

A

Trigeminal, all 3 branches (opthalmic, maxillary and mandibular)

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23
Q

Spinal reflexes in an animal with forrebrain disease should be *****

A

normal

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24
Q

What is the proper name for

a) Midbrain
b) pons
c) medulla oblongata

A

a) mesencephalon
b) metencephalon
c) myelencephalon

S, T, Y like the order in the alphabet

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25
Q

What are the metencephalon and myelencephalon in combination sometimes called?

A

Rhombencephalon

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26
Q

If a cranial nerve has autonomic actiom will it be sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

ALWAYS parasympathetic

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27
Q

Which part of the brain is the reticular formation found in?

A

Meshwork of cells throughout the midbrain

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28
Q

What is the ARAS?

A

Ascending Reticular Activating System

It activates the cerebral cortex and keeps us awake

Hence you will have a comatose state if you have a severe diffuse brain stem problem

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29
Q

What is the red nucleus?

A

Where the fibres cross over in the mesencephalon

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30
Q

Paw placement deficits with rostral midbrain lesions will be

contralateral or ipsilateral?

A

Contralateral. Cross over at the red nucleus

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31
Q

What is this posture?

A

Decerebrate

Extension of all the limbs and stuporous mental status

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32
Q

What is this posture called?

A

Decerebellate

Problem is in the cerebellum, will be conscious

Hind limbs may be flexed

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33
Q

What is the role of the Oculomotor nerve?

A

Motor to the extraocular muscles

Parasymapthetic to the sphincter pupillary muscles (cause pupil constriction)

Levator palpebrae superioris

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34
Q

Which extraocular muscles are innervated by the occulomotor?

A

dorsal, ventral, medial rectus, ventral oblique

35
Q

What is the pathway of the PLR?

A

Optic nerve

Optic chiasm

Optic tract

Pretectal nucleus (in thalamus)

Occulomotor nucleus (in midbrain)

Oculomotor nerve

Ciliary ganglion

Short ciliary nerve

36
Q

What percentage decussation is there at the optic chiasmin dogs and cats?

A

cats 66%

dogs 75%

37
Q

What are the names of the two constrictor fibres of the pupil in the cat’s eye?

A

nasal and malar

38
Q

What happens to the pupil if the oculomotor doesn’t work?

A

Dilation of pupil (in cats will look like a D or reverse D depending if nasal or malar is affected

39
Q

What should you always check for in a cat if you see a D or reverse D shaped pupil?

A

FeLV associated lymphosarcoma

(it really likes the short ciliary nerves)

40
Q

What part of their pathways do vision and PLR share?

A

Optic nerve, optic chiasm and a little bit of the optic tract

41
Q

If an animal has blindness and an absent PLR the lesion must be..

A

In the optic nerve, chiasm or first bit of the optic tract

42
Q

What nerves are found in the pons?

A

trigeminal

43
Q

What does the trochlear nerve do?

A

Just innervates the dorsal oblique!

It is the only nerve that arises dorsally on the brainstem, AND the only one that innervates something on the opposite side of the brain to itself; hence remember dorsal and oblique parts

44
Q
A
45
Q

What will the eyes look like if the trochlear nerve doesn’t work?

A

Eye rotate, can only see in cat

46
Q

How might you be able to notice eye rotation due to trochlear nerve dysfunction in a dog?

A

The optic disc and three prong blood vessels might be rotated

47
Q

What is the tectotegmental spinal tract?

A

Originates in the midbrain, responsible for sympathetic innervation to the eye i.e. pupil response to emotional factors.. fear = pupils dilate

48
Q

What syndrome would damage to the tectotegmentalspinal tract give you?

A

HORNERS

49
Q

What is the first neuron of the three neurons in the sympathetic route to the eye?

A

tectotegmental spinal tract

50
Q

Where to the sympathetic fibres to the eye exit the CNS?

A

T1-T3

All sympathetic fibres exit in thoracolumbar region

51
Q

What is the second neuron of the three neurons in the sympathetic route to the eye?

A

Cranial cervical ganglion (v close to middle ear)

52
Q

If an animal has first order Horners syndrome would you expect it to have other signs?

A

Yes!

If it has a lesion in its midbrain or deep enough in the spine to reach the TTS tract it will not be in a good way..

53
Q

Which order Horners syndrome might you suspect if the animal also has a forelimb lameness?

A

2nd order, may be a brachial plexus injury affecting the craniocervical ganglion

54
Q

Which order of horner’s syndrome might you suspect if you also had any of the following:

Middle ear disease

Facial paralysis

Vestibular dysfunction

A
55
Q

A lesion in the pons would give you **** paw position deficits

A

ipsilateral, the pons is before the cross over point

56
Q

What are the three branches of the trigeminal?

A

Occipital

Maxillary

Mandibular

57
Q

Which branch of V is motor?

A

Mandibular branch (muscles of mastication)

58
Q

What nerve might be implicated in an animal with a non sensitive non healing corneal ulcer?

A

occipital branch of trigeminal. May also see lack of sensation in ipsilateral nostril

59
Q

What are the four muscles of mastication?

A

Temporal

Masseter

Digastricus

Pterygoid

60
Q

What is the (neurological) cause of drop jaw?

A

Bilateral mandibular branch problem

61
Q

Why might dogs with dropjaw also have horners?

A

When the 3rd neuron goes back into the skull it travels very near the mandibular branch of trigeminal, may be secondarily affected

62
Q

What are the non neurological causes of drop jaw?

A

Bilateral luxation of TMJ

Mandibular fracture

Oral foreign body - can’t close mouth

63
Q

What are the neurological causes of drop jaw?

A

Inflammatory/Infectious

Toxic-Botulism

Trauma (carrying large/heavy objects around)

Idiopathic trigeminal neuropathy

Neoplasia

64
Q

How do you treat idiopathic dropped jaw?

A

Physiotherapy, gets better in time

Elastic band around mouth when eating

Feed in ball handfulls

65
Q

What nerves are in the medulla oblongata?

A

6-12

66
Q

If you have a diffuse lesion in the medulla oblongata which side would you expect paw placement abnormalities to be on?

A

Ipsilateral as is before cross over

67
Q

What part of the brain might be injured if you had signs of respiratory difficulty?

A

Medulla oblongata (respiratory centre)

May need to be on a ventilator as can’t use respiratory muscles

68
Q

Which muscles does the abdcens innervate?

A

lateral rectus

retractor bulbi

69
Q

What kind of strabismus will you see if you have a problem with the abducens?

A

medial

70
Q

What does the facial nerve do?

A

Motor to the muscles of facial expression

parasympathetic to lacrimal and salivary glands

71
Q

Why do you sometimes have vestibular and cochlear signs together?

A

The vestibulocochlear and facial nerve run very close to each other

Pic shows both together, droopy and head tilt

72
Q
A
73
Q

How is the facial nerve involved in the menace response?

A

It is the motor part of the menace

74
Q

What are the possible causes of facial neuropathy?

A

Infection of the middle ear/inner ear

trauma

Neoplasia

Polyneuropathy (hypothyroidism in dogs)

Idiopathic (lots of them!)

75
Q

Why might you see KCS in animals with facial nerve damage?

A

facial nerve parassympathetic to lacrimal glands

76
Q

Where abouts would you expect to find a lesion in an alert and awake animal with a head tilt AND facial nerve signs - droopiness, KCS, dry nose etc?

A

Not in the medulla oblongata as would be stuperous, just where the nerves leave the medulla oblongata around the region of the inner ear

77
Q

Which nerves come from the nucleus ambiguus?

A

Glossopharyngeal, Vagus and Hypoglossal

78
Q

Which nerves does the gag reflex test?

A

IX and X

79
Q

What is the role of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Motor to the pharynx and palatine structures

Sensory to caudal 1/3rd of tongue

Parasymp to salivary glands

80
Q

What does the vagus nerve do?

A

Motor to the larynx (recurrent laryngeal nerve), pharynx and oesophagus

Sensory to larnx, pharyn, thoracic and abdominal viscera

Parasympathetic to abdominal and thoracic viscera

81
Q

What is the hypoglossal nerve motor to?

A

muscles of the tongue

82
Q
A
83
Q

Why do cranial cervical lesions sometimes affect the hypoglossal?

A

Because the hypoglossal is so caudal in the medulla oblongata

Neuro (13 decks)

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