Large Animal Medicine II Final Exam Flashcards
Swine karyotype is
2n= 38
Now, daily growth of grower finisher pigs went up to
950-1200 g/day
In swine medicine, method to optimize health, welfare, and production in a population of animals through the systematic analysis of relevant data and through regular objective observations such that informed timely decisions are made to improve herd management over time.
Herd Health Management approach (HHM)
Herd health management is based mainly on
Prevention. Based on identification of risk factors for disease
Sows produce colostrum containing that has this to enhance uptake of intact immunoglobulins
anti-trypsin factor
T/F stomach pH in piglets is close to neutral making young piglets susceptible for enteral infections
True
In piglets 2-10 days old, diarrhea, low mortality. Multifocal suppurative and erosive colitis. Confirmed by ELISA of fresh feces. Tx with virginiamycin and tylosin in piglets
Clostridium difficile associated enterotoxemia
Causes enterotoxemia in piglets 2-10 days old. Minimal gross lesions but multifocal suppurative enteritis with large Gram + rods. Isolation and genotyping of a beta 2 toxin is warranted. Tx with bacitracin in sows and salinomycin in piglets. Vaccination is available
Clostridium perfringins type A associated enterotoxemia
Piglets 1 day to 2-4 weeks old postweaning. Virulence includes fimbria, enterotoxins, endotoxins, and capsules. Dams are carriers. Poor sanitiation and chilling play role. Severity is related to dose ingested and immunity from colostrum. Can survive in contaminated buildings and keep infecting. Shivering, watery diarrhea, and vomiting occur. Dx with culture and PCR. Tx with antimicrobials. Practice good sanitation and vaccination twice before farrowing
E. coli (Enteric colibacilloisis)
Acute and fatal entertoxemia of recently weaned pigs. Characterized by edema, sudden death, and neuro signs such as paddlinging and squealing.
Edema disease (colibacilosis)
Several serotypes of E. coli
Usually in confinement raised 1-3 weeks old nursing piglets. When unexposed pigs are placed in contaminated area. Carrier sows are the source. Signs are yellow pasty diarrhea, dehydration, rough hair coat. No response to antimicrobials. Tx with Toltrazuril
Coccidiosis (Isospora suis)
Usually in piglets 1-6 weeks old. Diarrhea, vomiting, non fatal. Enteritis with moderate villous atrophy. Dx with ELISA or FAT of feces.
Rotaviral enteritis
All age groups susceptible but mostly piglets <4 weeks old. Acute form with high mortalitiy and endemic form is less serious. Dx with FAT or IHC on intestine of acutuely affected pigs or PCR of feces.
Transmissible gastroenteritis
Most important strep infection in pigs. Usually nursing or recently weaned piglets. Septicemia, meningitis, polyarthritis, bronchopneumonia. Zoonotic. Isolated from nasal cavity and tonsils of pigs. Eliminate stress and overcrowding. Vaccinate sows. Tx with antibiotics
Streptococcus suis
Syndrome usually within 3 days of farrowing and causes inadequate milk production. Hypogalactia, weakness, anorexia, sternal recumbancy, resistent to allow nursing. Cause unknown. Resolved by proper sanitiation, exercise, and nutrition
Hypogalactia or Mastitis, Metritis, Agalactia (MMA)
In pigs mastitis is most commonly
Enviornmental
Dermatitis usually seen in 4-12 week old piglets. Reddened raised ring shaped lesions usually on ventral abdomen. Dx with exam and no treatment required. Non pruritic and no affect on pigs. Cause unknown
Pityriasis rosea
Abnormalitiy of neonatal pigs with lateral extension of the hind legs with inability to adduct legs. Myovibrillar hypoplasia related to delayed development. Genetic disposition, slippery floors, and PSS are causes. Tx by tying legs together
Splay leg
Inheritied condition. Abscence of discrete areas of skin. Hydroureter and hydronephrosis also seen with condition. Fetuses may be aborted or born.
Epitheliogenesis imperfecta
Treatment for Erysipelas
Penicillin or antiserum
Caused by staphylococcus hyicus. Pigs less than 8 weeks old. Brownish spots with serum or exudate. No pruritis. Isolate affected pigs, and spray pigs with 10% bleach, chlorohexadine, Durvet or dilute iodine
Greasy pig disease (Exudative Epidermitis)
Caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. Mucohemorrhagic diarrhea with marked inflammation limited to the large intestine. Persists in rodents and water. Eradication program in place and replace herds.
Swine dysentery and spirochaetal colitis
Results in septicemia, enterocolitis, and asymotimatic swine. Disease is less common but occurs mostly in weaned pigs. Often appears during stressful events. Tx with carbodox, gentamycin, neomycin, and others
Salmonellosis
Causes septicaemic salmonellosis in swine. Acute onset of outbreak with acute death loss in a group of apparently thrifty pigs
Salmonella chorerasuis
Causes enterocolitic salmonellosis in pigs.
Salmonella typhimurium
Obligate intracellular organisim. Causes hyperplasia of crypt enterocytes with inflammation and ulceration in young adults and grower pigs. Outbreaks can be associated with stress. Usually results in subclinical disease. Acute phse can have brown to black diarrhea, and rapid death. Elimination is difficult, vaccinate pigs. Tx with tylosin, tetracycline, linocmycin and others
Porcine Proliferative Enteritits
Lawsonia intracellularis
Usually in 6-20 weeks old pigs in USA. Secretes 4 enterotoxins. Trasmission from direct contact, overstocking, stress. Pigs remain carriers. Sudden deaths common. Diarrhea, high temps, cyanosis, chronic cough, stiffness. Control with closed herd and replacement with free farm pigs. Tx is Parenteral with tiamulin, tulathromycin and others
Actinobacillas Pleuropneumonia
Caused by toxigenic strains of Bordetella bronchisepticica and Pasteurella multicodia (type D). Snuffling, sneezing, snorting, and nosebleeds. Atrophy of turbinates in nose. Transmitted in dust and with poor ventilation. Pigs may have dirty face from obstructed tear ducts. Improve husbandry to treat and vaccinate.
Atropic Rhinitis
Post weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. Usually nursing and growing pigs. Lyphocytic depletion in lymph nodes with histiocytic infiltration. In utero infection possible. Can cause repro failure and abortion. Almost all herds in USA are seropositive. Gradual wasting, unthriftiness, rough coat, pallor, diarrhea, icterus, death. Control with quarantine and disinfection. Euthanize affected pigs. No treatments
Porcine cirovirus type 2
Viral disease in pigs characterized by repro failure and respiratory disease in pigs of any age. Most economically significant disease in swine in the USA. Persists in long term carrier pigs which become immune and keep shedding. Virus is highly infectious.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)
Coronavirus. Acute outbreaks of severe diarrhea, vomiting, and high morbidity. Short icubation period. Not a foreign animal disease in the USA. Dx with ELISA, PCR, and EM. Control with biosecurity and vaccines. Tx with supportive therapy and clean enviornment.
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea
Occurs as result of deficiency in pregnant sow, or genetic defect in synthesis. Leads to weak or dead piglets, mucinous edema, thick skin, enlarged goiter.
Iodine Deficiency
Colostrum and milk from sow only provide ____ daily iron requirement to piglet
15-20%
T/F Iron dextran can be administered to piglets in neck muscles parenterally after 7 days of age
False
THE MEAT!!!
Observed in 2-4 month old pigs. Usually in pigs not allowed access to soil or not supplemented. Most often caused by consumption of excessive calcium. Skin lesions and reduced growth rate are signs.
Zinc responsive dermatosis (Parakeratosis)
Disease of growing bones. Usually caused by dietary deficiency of vit D or phosphorus. Control with balanced diet
Rickets
Lesion of mature bones. Occurs in profilic sows that mobilize minerals for high milk production. Often results in fractures in latter part of nursing. Control with balanced diet and exercise
Osteoporosis
Causes mulberry heart disease (sudden death), Hepatosis dietetica, and white muscle disease
Vit E and Selenium deficiency
Caused by fungus growing on peanuts, corn, wheat, and other grains. Young nursing pigs or weaned growers at risk mostly. Toxins reduce growth rate and are immunosuppresive. Causes hepatotoxicosis, fibrotic liver, and ascitis.
Alfotoxicosis
Fungus in many grasses and cereal grains. Alkaloids are cause of disorder. Toxins result in ischemic necrosis, dry gangrenous sloughing, and reduced litter and mammary size.
Ergotism
Claviceps purpurea
Toxic compound produced by fungus. Cytotoxic to many cell types and strongly immunosuppressive. In moldy caked feed. Causes crusting and ulceration of the skin on the snout, lips, and prepuce.
Fumonisin
Fusarium species
In moldy corn and other cereals. Has estrogenic effect resulting in vulvovaginitis and precocius mammary development. Passed to offspring in milk. Can effect boars also
Zearalenone (F-2)
Fumonisin toxicosis
Acute and characterized by meningeoencephalitis, polyserositis, polyarthritis and bacterial pneumonia. Sporadic occurance usually 3 week -4 month old piglets. Stressful events and enviornment predispose. Can be isolated from nasal cavity of normal pigs. CNS signs, sudden death, joint issues. Tx antibiotics and sulfonamides.
Haemophilus parasuis (Glasser’s disease)
Widespread chronic respiratory disease with coughing and reduced feed efficiency. Pigs at weaning are more commonly affected. Can be part of a respiratory complex. Carrier swine are common. Tx with lincomycin and others.
Mycoplasmal pneumonia (Enzootic pneumonia)
Cause of mycoplasmal pneumonia in pigs
mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
Viral disease in swine, sudden onset of fever, discharge, weakness, and paroxysmal coughing. Course is 5-7 days. H1N1 is common serotype. Vaccinate, maintain closed herd, and use antimirobials for secondary infections
Swine influenza
Growth cartilage disease in rapidly growing pigs. Cause unknown. Abnormal gait and lameness with pathologic bone/cartilage lesions. Common sites are femoral condyle, humeral condyle/head, scapula, lumbar vertebrae. Genetics plays a role. Results in sows being culled
Osteochondrosis
Occurs in pigs either from water deprivation or ingestion of too much salt. Signs worsened by sudden access to water. Blindness, deafness, head pressing, dog sitting, and paddling. Results in meningeal and cerebral perivascular cuffing by eosinophils in the brain. Pigs usually die reguardless of treatment.
Salt poisoning
Referrs to destruction of part or all of the pars esophagea with bleeding. Pigs 8 weeks and older (mostly in pigs 120lbs to market weight). Unknown risk factors. Usually dead with pallor and melena. Tx with Vit K and hematinics.
Gastric ulcers
Whipworm. Feeder/finishers and mature swine. Mucois or mucohemorrhagic diarrhea with loss of condition. Located in large intestine. No eggs until 8 weeks post infection. Can diagnose early with histopathology or mucosal scrapings
Trichuris suis
Maintenance animal or FMD. Carried in pharyngeal tissue 4-6 months
Sheep and Goat
Animal amplifier for FMD. No carrier status
Pigs
Species indicator for FMD. Carried in pharyngeal tissue 6-24 months
Cattle
Highly infectious often fatal swine disease caused by flavivirus. Loss of appetite, weakness, fever, leukopenia. Spread between animals.
Classical swine fever
Acute highly contagious fatal disease in swine caused by double stranded DNA Asfivirus. Warthog reservoirs. No vaccine. Incubation 5-19 days. High fever, erythema, cyanosis, bloody diarrhea, abortion, death.
African Swine Fever
Vesicular stomatitis is caused by a
Rhabdovirius
Vesicular exanthema is caused by a
Calicivirus
Swine vesicular disease is caused by a
Picornavirirus and enterovirus
When immobilizing a deer with-hold food and water for
24 hour for food
12 hour for water
Combination of drugs for immobilizing deer
Telazol and Xylazine
Federal interstate regulations for moving deer
Must have negative TB test, no signs of CWD, USDA eartage, and Current CVI health paper
To certify deer herd Brucellosis free must
Test whole herd twice every 9-15 months, then every 3 years to maintain free. All animals entering must be negative 30 days before entering herd.
In deer caused by Orbivirus. Transmitted by Culicoides (midges). Peracute disease results in dead animals. Acute has swollen tongue, foaming from mouth, ataxia. Chronic form included laminitis and weight loss. Treat with steroids, antibiotics, and supportive care but prognosis is usually poor to grave
Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease
Causes abortions in free ranging deer. Difficult to diagnose without signs. Tx with tetracycline, blood transfusion, and fluids
Leptospirosis (L. pomona)
Cause of lymphadenopathy, respiratory disease, and emaciation in deer. Dx with cervical or comparative test. No treatment to be attempted. Public health concern.
Tuburculosis (mycobacterium bovis)
Infection in young deer (12-18 months). Signs include chronic weight loss and unthrifty appearnece, diarrhea, and hyproteinemia. Dx with fecal culture (gold standard) and ELISA. No treatment
Johnes Disease (Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis)
Gram negative anaerobic bacteria. In soil worldwide. One of the major causes of disease/death in deer. Stress and overcrowding are predisposing factors. Common forms are as lumpy jaw and pneumonia.
Necrobacillosis
Fusobacterium necrophorum
In deer necrosis of the pharynx and larynx in young animals.
Diptheria
Most common respiratory isolates in deer pneumonia. Early detection is key to treatment. Necropsy should be priority
Trueperella, Fusobacterium, Pasteurella, Biberstenia, Mycoplasma
Most common clostridial disease in deer. Causes myconecrosis, enteritis, hemorrhagic bowel. Originated from contaminated colostrum and environment. Concern following reproductive procedures.
Clostridum perfringens type A
In poultry blood is usually used for
Serology
In poultry swabs are usually used for
Bacterial isolation
Normal chicken heart rate
220-360 bpm
Normal chicken respiratory rate
12-37 rpm
Small pale and shrunken comb in chickens
Out of lay
Most common protozoan parasite in chickens. Causes bloody diarrhea, predisoposes to clostridium enteritis, and economic losses. Amprolium for prevention and control
Coccidosis
Eimeria tenella, acervulina, macima
Black head, liver lesions, cecal sores
Histomonus meliagridis
Treatment for external parasites in chickens
Permethrin powdering or dusting. Minimum of two treatments 7 day interval
Three forms of vitamin E deficiency in chickens
Encephalomalacia, exudative diathesis, muscular dystrophy
Reportable chicken diseases
Infectious laryngotracheitis, Exotic Newcastle Disease, Highly Pathogenic Influenza
Normal alpaca crias should weigh at least ____ and normal llama crias should weigh at least ___ lbs
12 and 18 lbs
The stomach of a south american camelid has
3 compartments
In llama practice, zinc deficiency skin disease may be a real probem. This problem may be brough about by excessive ____ intake
Calcium (alfala hay)
Alpacas are mainly kept for
FIber or wool
Rabies in camelids is usually manifested as the ____ form
Furious
Restraight method in this picture
Midline catch
This has been identified as being the cause of beserk male syndrome in llamas
Human imprinting
Which one of the following statements concerning camelid restraint and handling is most correct?
- The rule of restraint with llamas is “the more, the better”
- Restraint for collection of a blood sample from a llama requires two people
- Llamas are not group animals. You must handle them by themselves
- Minimal restraint is preferred for all llama-handling procedures
- Diversionary restraint is preferred for all injections
Minimal restraint is preferred for all llama handling procedures
The term used to describe the normal recumbent position of a camelid is
Cush
What would be the best sample to submit for an internal parasite check on a llama herd?
- A sample from the communal dung pile
- A sample from the stall of each llama
- A sample from each individual animal collected from the rectum
- A catch sample from individual animals
- A mixed sample from the dung piles and the stalls
A sample from each individual animal collected from the rectum
A yearling llama with an atypical infection or infections might also be suspected of having
- Meningeal worm infestation
- Zinc deficiency
- Vit B deficiency
- Immunideficiency syndrome
- Vit A deficiency
Immunodeficiency syndrome
A 3 day old female alpaca is presented in respiratory distress. The crias cheeks flare and the distress is more pronounced during nursing. When the animal gasps and inhales milk, what is the most likely diagnosis?
- Lung lobe torsion
- Wry face
- Diaphragmatic hernia
- Choanal atresia
- Mitral stenosis
Choanal atresia
Identify the animal
Alpaca
T/F 25% of camelids in the US are estimated to be infected with Mycoplasma haemolamae
True
T/F sheep and goats are the species most susceptible to meningeal worm infection
False
Deer
Oldest domestic farm animal.
Goats
Kept for fiber and mohair. Long hair coat. Very susceptible to parasites
Angora
Usually kept as pets. Dual purpose breed. Horned
African Pigmy goat
Milk goat. Breed year round. Has high butterfat.
Dwarf nigerian goat
All purpose goat. Hornless. Low milk yield but high butter fat
Nubian
Horned. Good milker with large udder and well placed teats.
Alpine goat
Goat
Olberhasli
High butter fat, cheese goat
LaMancha
Noted for excellent udder confirmation and high milk production. Short and long haired types
Toggenberg
Both sexes are horned. Largest milk yield
Saanen
Duel purpose goat. Non seasonal breeders. Cross between Nubian and Pygmy
Kinder
South African breed. Early maturing. Highly resistant to parasites. Meat goat
Boer
Parasite resistant. Meat goat from New Zealand. Aggressive forager and breeder. Good producer
Kiko
Prized for wool. Tall for walking.
Merino
Known for wool and meat. Very tall.
Rambouillet
No horns or wool on face. Most common breed in North America. Scrapes as a genetic condition. Big butts- callipyge and spider leg gene issue
Suffolk
Best for farm flock protection. Produce meat. Adapted to wet climates. Good quality wool
Southdown
Can lamb anytime of year. Strong fiber fleece. Good meat quality
Dorset
Lean meat. Heavy muscled.
Texel
Wool on face. Larger and coarser than Southdown
Hampshire
Cold climate adapted. Ewes tend to lamb in litters. Strong wool
Romanov
Wooless rat tail sheep. Milk sheep.
Friesan
Multihorned sheep. Wool, meat, hides, and pets. Hardy resistant animals
Jacob
Tolerate heat well. Resistant. Hair instead of wool, breed all year round.
Barbados Black Belly
Usually resistant.
Virgin Island White Sheep
No fleece, lose wool naturally. Good for pasture management.
Karahdin
T/F Sheep with a relatively high blood glucose during pregnancy toxemia, it is a good prognositc indicator.
False
Bad indicator
Risk factors for hypocalemia in sheep/goats
Forced exercise (long distance walking)
Feed deprivation
Grazing philodendron
Feed lot sheep on high magnesium diets
T/F Pregnancy toxemia is a very high differential for hypocalcemia in a ewe in late gestation
True
Presentation for sheep/goat with hypomagnesemia
Laterally recumbant, extreme muscle tetany or paddling. Turned out on lush green pasture
Type of coccidiosis in sheep/goat < 3 weeks old
Cryptosporidium
Zoonotic
Type of coccidiosis in sheep/goat > 3 weeks old
Eimeria
Not zoonotic
Oocysts greater than ____ is diagnostic for coccidiosis in sheep/goats
>5000/gram of feces
Treatment and prevention of menigeal worm
High levels of fenbendazole and prevent with Ivermectin monthly.
Can cause resistance to other parasites so be careful
T/F Dogs have the potential for spreading tapeworm cysts to sheep
True
Taenia hydagenita
Causes swayback in sheep. Limp, straight, steely wool.
Copper deficiency
Sheep very susceptible. Signs include anemia and grinding teeth. More common than deficiency
Copper toxicosis
Related to vit B12 deficiency and heavy GI parasite loads. Signs are poor growth and productivity, lacrimation with wool matted to face, and anemia.
Cobalt deficiency
State most likely to cause Iodide toxicosis in sheep/goats
South Carolina
Dams infected 60-90 days before parturition have weak, poor doing lambs. If 10-30 days priorwill have normal lambs but persistant carriers.
Enzootic abortion of ewes (EAE)
Carried by most sheep. May cause weak lambs. More an issue in goats
Q fever
Infectious noncontagious orbivious transmitted by Culicoides. Ewes infected during or shortly after breeding may have dummy lambs related to cerebellar hypolasia. No disease in goats
Bluetongue
Rapid death, bloody diarrhea, hemorrhagic enteritis in sheep/goats
Clostridium type C
Rapid death, slobbering, occurs in vaccinated flock
Clostridium type A
Sudden death related to grain overload in sheep and goats
Clostridium perfringens Type D
Bacterial disease caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Common in sheep/goats. Causes significant economic loss. Treatment is ineffective. Organism stays for life
Caseous lymphadenitis
Presentation of caseous lymphadenitis more common in goats. Superficial or SC abscesses in lymphnodes.
External
Presentation of caseous lymphadenitis more common in sheep. Difficult to diagnose. Chronic wasting and other signs. “Thin ewe syndrome”
Internal (visceral)
How to definitively diagnose Caseous Lymphadenitis
Bacterial cuture. Submit pus.
Chronic multisystemic disease of goats caused by nononcogenic retrovirus. Primarily dairy goats. Polyarthritis is common presentation. Transmission via infected colostrum and poor milking. Dx with serological testing
Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE)
Contagious and zoonotic caused by parapoxvirus. Incubation is 3-8 days. May lead to secondary bacterial infections. Causes lesions on mouth, coronary bands, and gentials
Contagious Ecthyma (ORF)
Contagious, chronic, and fatal. Primarily affects the small intesting. Caused by mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP). No vaccine.
Johnes disease
Caused by clostridium. Problem in young rams. Results in swollen head, neck and eyelids. Treatment unrewarding. Prevention with vaccine is key
Malignant edema
Infectious non contagious arthropod born virus. Late summer early fall most likely. More common in sheep. Various signs and cyanosis.
Bluetongue virus
Caused by clostridium perfringens type D in sheep/goats. Rapid onset of depression, abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, pulpy kidney, and other signs. Vaccinate and supportive treatment
Enterotoxemia
Cardiotoxic plants in sheep/goats
Oleander, Foxglove, Lily of the Valley, Yew, Cowdriosis
Caused by Ehrlichia ruminatium, transmitted by Amblyoma ticks. Causes muffled heart sounds, high fever, colapse. Tx Tetracycline.
Cowdriosis
Heartwater
Common in wethers on high protein diets becasue increases urea content of urine. Bacteria hydrolyze urea into ammonia which is cytotoxic
Ulcerative posthitis
C. renale
Soil dwelling bacteria. Saw horse stance, 3rd eyelid protrusion, hyperesthetic in small ruminants. Vaccinate
Clostridium tetani
Causes Club Lamb Fungus (ringworm), Easily spread, self limiting and treat with lime sulfur dip. Zoonotic
Trichophyton spp.
How much colostrum should be made and consumed in small ruminants
10% BW, within 24 consume 2-4 oz every 3-4 hours. Within 4 hours is best
When to castrate lamb/kid
1-4 weeks of age
Give tetanus antitoxin or booster
When to dehorn sheep/goats
3 days- 3 weeks of age.
When in CD&T vaccination administered in small ruminants
1 and 2 months of age
6 months
Annually
1 month before parturition
In small ruminants toxic plants are most often associated with
Vomiting
Toxic in sheep/goats. Acts on the ANS and stimulates vagus nerve and vomiting center. Projectile vomiting results. Use drench with charcoal and others to tx
Ericaceae family
Rhododendrons, Laurels, Azaleas
Prinicple toxin in Ericaceae family plants
Rhododendrons and azaleas
Grayanotoxin
Andromedotoxin
Fatal degenerative disease in small ruminants. Affected under natural conditions. Signs rarely seen before 2.
Scrapie
May be unilateral or bilateral, thought to be associated with type D/B retrovirus. Contagious neoplasm in small ruminants
Enzootic nasal tumor, Adenocarcinoma
Inflammation of the paranasal sinuses. Infrequent in sheep/goats. Most often frontal and maxillary sinuses. Often secondary to dehorning or tooth issues
Sinusitis
Due to trauma from dosing equipment in small ruminants. Organisms include Antinomies, Fusobacterium, and Corynebacterium
Pharyngitis
Pneumonic form most common in small ruminants. LPS and endotoxin are virulence factors. Treat with long acting oxytetracycline, Pen G. Vaccinate before animal goes to feedlot
Mannheimia haemolytica pneumonia
Serotype that infects sheep is related to but different than cattle. See coughing, serous nasal discharge, ocular discharge. More common in lambs < 1 year old.
Parainfluenza Type 3
In sheep/goats and predisposes to secondary bacterial infection. Signs include anorexia, pyrexia, conjunctivitis, and cough. No vaccine
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Causes enzootic pneumonia in sheep. Seen intensively in reared lambs raised in poor ventilation. Older animals are the reservior. Involved in coughing syndrome
Mycoplasma ovipneumonia
Sheep Mycoplasma
Causes contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP). Only goats are affected. Highly contagious, Seen in Africa and Asia
Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. Capripneumoniae
Chronic progressive pneumonia caused by ovine retrovirus. Usually infected as a lamb. Long incubation and seen in sheep > 4years old mostly. Udder involvements, arthritis, and ill thrift. Similar to CAE
Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP)
Most common method of diagnosis for OPP
AGID (prone to false negative results)
Can do ELISA and PCR
Primary agent of foot scold in sheep/goats. Gram - Bacteria
Dichchelobacter nodosus
This bacteria can increase the susceptibility of the small ruminant hoof to foot rot
Arcanobacterium pyogenes
Sheep most susceptiblet to foot rot
Merino.
Also dairy goats over meat or fiber
Seen in all ages of goats but most common in young kids and yearling dairy breeds. Septicemia, fever, anorexia, and course 4-10 days ending in death
Mycoplasma arthritis
Occurs predominantly in neonates as a sequela to omphalophlebitis or bacteremia. Common isolates are arcanobacterium, staph, strep, e.coli. Hot, swollen, painful joints. Treatment is difficult. Prognosis guarded
Bacterial Polyarthritis
Joint ill
Black leg in sheep. Animals usually found dead or recumbent. Treatment depending on timing, and with penicillin.
Clostridium chauvoei
Bentleg or bowie in sheep are caused by
Phosphorus defeciency
Epiphystis in young growing goats is caused by excessive
Calcium
Characteristic most associated with the guernsey breed of diary cattle
A2/A2 milk
Following disease with similar clinical presentation pattern to transmissible gastrointestinal enteritis in pigs but pathogen is unrelated and no cross protection
Porcine epidemic diarrhea
Apart from intestinal parasites which is likely to cause anemia in the adult llama
Mycoplasmosis
Vaccine most likely to cause tissue reaction in the llama
Clostridial 7-way
What percent of llama diet should be crude fiber on dry matter basis
25%
T/F Milk fever occurs as a result of ionized calcium depletion at calving time
True
Vaccination protocol most suitable for controlling neonatal diarrhea due to e.coli
Vaccinate sows at farrowing
Wooden tongue in cattle is caused by
Actinobacillus
Ideal calving interval for dairy operation in the Midwest USA is
365 days
What disease symptom is assiciated with mycoplasma haemolamae in alpacas
Anemia
This problem would be accompanied by a leukopenia
Fatty liver disease
