Large Animal Medicine II Exam II Flashcards by Andrea Savarese

“…For the prevention of infection with…”

Prevents all colonization and replication

Ex: spirovac for lepto

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“… for the prevention of disease due to…”

Efficacy >80%

Bovishield for PI prevention

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“….As an aid in the prevention of disease due to…”

Produces clinically significant effect in preventing disease in challenged animals. Most common claim

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“…..as an aid in the control of disease due to….”

Alleviates disease severity and duration

ex: Salmonella SRP vaccine

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Vaccine with less adverse reactions but possibility for shedding of virus. More closely mimics natural infection

Modified Live vaccine

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Primary goal of vaccines in breeding herds

Maintain solid herd immunity to prevent pathogens.

Secondary: Boost innate immunity for calves

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Goals of vaccines in replacement heifers

Two fold goal: Protect against prevalent threats. Provide basis for solid herd immunity.

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Vaccine goals for market calves

Immune protection to prevalent disease challenge.

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FDA licensed vaccines for almost ____ bovine pathogens

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Minimal vaccine profile

Respiratory
7 way clostridial
Consider Lepto
+/- Brucella

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You must give 2 doses of killed vaccines ____ weeks apart

2-4

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_____ of individuals will not respond to vaccination.

10-15%

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Calf immune systems are not mature until

4-5 months

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T/F If you vaccinate a calf less than 5 months old protection will carry into adulthood

False

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Animals mount a better immune response to killed vaccines or MLV?

MLV

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T/F MLVs will give longer, stronger, and usually cheaper protection compared to killed vaccines

True

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T/F Milk production will be effected by vaccination

True

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Dont give more than 2 of these vaccines at once

Gram negative (endotoxin)

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The effect of lameness on a dairy cattle herd is seen first in

Decreased milk production

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The most common site for a lesion on the foot of a dairy cow is in zone

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The average toe length for an adult dairy cow is

7.5 cm

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Infectious pododermatitis occurs because of

Compromised epithelium

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16 month old show steer presents with a grade 4/5 lameness due to foot rot. He is champion quality and the terminal show is in 12 days. Which of the following treatment in appropriate mg/kg dose and route is best?

Ceftiofur crystalline free acid
Florfenicol
Oxytetracycline
Tilmicosin

Ceftiofur crystalline free acid

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Foot rot in sheep is

Contagious and effects the sole

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Dealing with digital dermatitis and heel erosions requires

Management to enhance the enviornment

When would most cases of foot rot be observed? - Wet concrete dairy cow 140 days PP - Dry feedlot with 9 weight steers - Pastured beef cows 3 weeks post rain - Far off dry cows on DCAD ration

Pastured beef cows three weeks post rain

THe conformational issue associated with sequalae to solar ulcers is - Proximity of coffin joint - Attachment of extensor tendon - Collateral ligaments of P3 - Complete lack of solar tubules

Proximity to coffin joint

Most economical and comfortable bedding in dairy cattle free stalls is

Clean sand

What is most efficacious in controlling diary cattle lameness

Free stall management Want laying for minimum of 10-12 hours a day

Laminitis is most common in

Hind limbs. High concentration diets. Decreased blood flow disrupts horn production and p3 sinks from edema.

Value of radiograph images in bovine foot disease is to ascertain

Accurate prognosis for case

Infected mastitis cow gland will have _____ Somatic cell count. Mostly this type of cell ____

200,000-1,000,000 cells/mL PMNs

Trace mastitis on CMT has _____ SCC

300,000

Weak mastitis on CMT has ______ SCC.

900,000 SCC

Strong CMT result has _____ SCC`

8.1 million SCC

Which two CMT results are subclinical

Trace (300,000) and weak (900,000) SCC

Legal SCC limit for Grade A milk

750,000 SCC

CMT is performed with ____ milk and ____ solution in each dish

2cc and equal solution Rotate and read in 20 seconds

Major pathogens for contagious mastitis

Strep agalacea, Staph aureus, Mycoplasma bovis

Most cases of contagious mastitis are

Subclinical and persistent

Wall of cow hoof grows

5 mm/month

Sole of cow hoof grows

3mm/month

____ of lameness is found in the feet of cows

90%

____ of lameness results in loss of revenue in cattle farms

70%

85% of lameness is found in the ___ claw of ___ foot in cattle

Lateral claw of hind foot

Interdigital foot rot occurs most often in ____ due to interdigital dermis damage and opportunistic invasion

Beef cattle

Most common bacteria involved in cattle foot rot

Fusobacterium necrophorum

Contagious and epidemic in cattle, painful and environmentally transmitted. Confinement is predisposing factor

Digital dermatitis (Hairy heel wart)

Treatment for digital dermatitis in cattle

Oxytetracycline topical spray. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

Cause of digital dermatitis in cattle

Treponema spp. (Spirochete)

Where does issues with claw horn disruption in cattle begin in the foot?

Inside hoof at corium

Sole ulcers (Rusterholz ulcer) in cattle most often occurs in these claws

Lateral claw on hindlimb, medial claw on front feet

Treatment of spastic paresis in cattle

Tibial neurectomy and cutting part of gastroc

Most common stifle issue in cattle

Cranial cruciate tear

Casts in <150 kg cow should have ___ layers

6-8 layers

Casts in >150kg cow should have ____ layers

10-12 layers

Normal USG in cow

1.020-1.040

Cattle urinate ____ per day

10-40mL

BUN and CREA values in cattle

BUN 10-30 | CREA <2

T/F Cows with anaplasmosis have hematuria (red urine)

FALSE

T/F most cystic calculi form in acidic urine

FALSE Alkaline!

Single most important factor in urolithiasis

Water intake

Most common sites for urolithiasis

Distal sigmoid flexure and urethral process

Cause of contagious bovine pyelonephritis

Corynebacterium renale

Cause of necrotic posthitis in bulls and steers

Fusobacterium necrophorum

Cause of bovine enzootic hematuria

Broken fern

Sequalae of chronic suppurative process in kidney. No treatment

Amyloidosis

Presents as dystocia. Blue tongue and Akbane can cause. Usually cow is asymptomatic.

Hydrocephalus

Interferes with absorption of CSF at arachnoid villi and CSF pressure results in blindness and seizures. Common in animals on corn stubble in Midwest

Vitamin A deficiency

Autosomal recessive in Herefords and shorthorns. Can be from BVD 100-120 days in gestation. Calves are blind with no cerebellum

Cerebellar abiotrophy

Cause of spasmodic paralysis. Moves retrograde up axon and prevents release of GABA. Can only treat before neuronal uptake.

Clostridium tentani

Found in decaying vegetation. Exotoxins block Ach release and cause flaccid paralysis. No antitoxin or vaccine

Clostridium botulinum

Migrates up trigeminal nerve and causes neuro condition. Will see circling and dysphagia. Mononuclear inflammation. Tx with Oxytetracycline

Listeria monocytogenes

Caused by histophilus somni. Death within 36 hours. Pneumonia, neuro, and other signs. Death due to subsequent endothelial cell apoptosis. Neutrophil response seen

Thromboembolic Meningoencephalitis (TEME)

Cause of brain and pituitary abscesses in cattle. Can be a dehorning complication

Trueperella pyogenes.

Main isolate in otitis media/interna in cattle

Mycoplasma bovis

Cause of sway back (enzootic ataxia). Mostly in sheep.

Copper deficiency