Large Animal Lab Exam Flashcards
BCS in Bulls
Beef
Scale 1-9
Ideal 6-7
Dairy
Scale 1-5
Using Oxytocin & PGF2 Alpha for Bulls During Electroejaculation
Oxytocin
Increases contractility of epididemus
Increased sperm output
Decrease time to penile protrusion
Decrease amount of stimulation needed
PGF2 Alpha
Increased sperm output in buffalo but not bull
Cranial (anterior) Presentation of Fetus
o Head & feet facing vaginal opening
o Fetlocks & carpal joints bending same direction
Caudal (Posterior) Presentation of Fetus
o Head facing away from vaginal opening
o Feet facing vaginal opening
o Fetlocks & carpal joints bend opposite directions
Transverse Ventral or Dorsal Position of Fetus
o Calf folded in half
o Feet and head face away from vaginal opening
Ventral
Head and chest more ventral than legs
Dorsal
Head and chest more dorsal than legs
Dorsosacral Vs Dorso-ilial Vs Dorsopubic
Dorsosacral
Normal
Dorso-ilial
To the left or right
Dorsopubic
Upside down
When is Vaginal Delivery Possible in Anterior or Posterior Dorsosacral Presentation in Cows
Anterior dorsosacral position
if one person can pull the fetlocks 10 to 15 cm beyond the vulva
Point of the shoulders at the level of the ilial shafts
Posterior dorsosacral position
If the hock can be exteriorized
When is Vaginal Delivery Impossible in Cows
o The head has not moved spontaneously into the pelvis
o Fetus is positioned in the birth canal and the forelimbs are crossed (fetus too wide at the shoulder)
o Hooves are rotated with volar surfaces facing medially (i.e. elbows are forced together)
o Fetus is lodged and does not move when abdominal press occurs
Repulsion; Technique, Requirements
o “Pushing” the fetus away from the pelvis to make room for manipulations
Requirements
Relaxed uterus w/ Clenbuterol or Epinephrine
Eliminate abdominal expulsive efforts w/ Caudal epidural
Lubrication (pump water soluble lubricant)
Can be done manually or use of the Kuhn’s crutch
Rotation
o Turning the fetus on its longitudinal axis
o Partial to take advantage of the largest diameter of the pelvis
o Complete to bring fetus from dorsoilial or dorsopubic to dorsosacral
o Can be done manually using the fetal limbs
o Use of a detorsion rod
Version
o Applied in transverse presentation
o Usually not possible in ventral transverses
Extraction of Calf Fetus w/ Chains
o Loop chains above fetlock
o Half hitch around pastern
o Maximum 2 / 3 persons or 600-800 lpi of force
o one foot at the time
o Pull in arc direction
o Traction on head to avoid neck flexion
o Calf pullers aren’t great
Calf Extraction Technique for Posterior Presentation
o Rotate the fetus 45 to 90 degrees
o Check if there is risk of hip lock by extending the hock outside the vulva
BCS of Dairy Cows
Tuber coxae -> hip joint -> tuber ischii
V shape <3
Curve >3.25
Hooks & pins from behind
Rounded = 3
Angular <3
Indirect Uterine Retraction in Cows
o Grasp cervix and pin to opposite side of palpating arm ->
o Reach for the broad ligament on side of palpating arm ->
o Hook the VENTRAL intercornual ligament ->
o Flip the uterus dorsally
Palpating Cow During Estrus & Immediately After Ovulation
Palpating During Estrus
o Ovary is round and smooth
o Dominant follicle present - Blister-like, fluid filled, continuous with ovarian stroma (12-25 mm)
o High estradiol
o Uterus is toned
o LSRF20UTone
Palpating Immediately After Ovulation
o dominant follicle is replaced by an ovulation depression (OVD)
o Uterus still has some tone or edematous
o Vaginal discharge may be bloody
o LS RFOVD U Tone/edema
Palpating a Cow at Days 0, 1, & 2-3 of her Cycle
Palpating Day 0 of Cow Cycle
o 15-25mm follicle
o Toned uterus
o Estrus
o High estrogen
Palpating Day 1 of Cow Cycle
o OVD
o Toned uterus
o Ovulation
o LH surge
Palpating Day 2-3 of Cow Cycle
o CH1 (Corpus Hemorrhagicum), soft, <1cm diemeter
o Edema
o Metaestrus
o Not responsive to PGF 2 alpha
Palpating a Cow at Days 3-5, 5-6, & 7-17 of her Cycle
Palpating Day 3-5 of Cow Cycle
o CH2, soft, 1-2cm diameter
o some edema or relaxed uterus
o Not responsive to PGF 2 alpha
Palpating Day 5-6 of Cow Cycle
o CH3, 2-3cm diameter
o Relaxed uterus
o Early luteal phase
o Progesterone >2
o Will respond to PGF2 alpha
Palpating Day 7-17 of Cow Cycle
o CL 3, > 2 cm diameter
o Relaxed uterus
o Mid cycle
o Progesterone plateau
o Will respond to PGF2 alpha
Palpating a Cow at Days 17-19 & 20-21 of her Cycle
Day 17-19 of Cow Cycle
o CL 2, 1-2cm diameter
o Uterus beginning to tone
o Proestrus
o PGF2 alpha release
Day 20-21 of Cow Cycle
o CL 1 or no CL, <1cm diameter
o Follicle present
o Toned uterus
o Estrus
o High estrogen
Indications of Pregnant Cow on Palpation
o Amniotic vesicle: palpable 28-60 days
o Fetal membrane slip: 30d to term (MOST IMPORTANT)
o Placentomes: 70d to term
o Fetus: 60d days to term
Pregnancy Diagnosis in Cow on Palpation at 35 Days, 42-45 days, 50 days, & 60 days
35 Days
o Membrane slip - thread
o Amniotic vesicle – 1 finger
42-45 Days
o Membrane slip – string
o Amniotic vesicle – 2 fingers
50 Days
o Membrane slip – both uterine horns
o Amniotic vesicle – 3 fingers
60 Days
o Membrane slip – both uterine horns
o Amniotic vesicle – palm
o Fetus the size of a mouse
o Can sex fetus w/ ultrasound
Pregnancy Diagnosis on Palpation at 75+ days
Placentomes (caruncle + cotyledon)
90 days = dime size
110 days = nickel
120 days = quarter
150 days = half dollar
Fetus
90 days = rat size
120 days = kitten
150 days = cat
180 days = medium dog
Fremitus
o turbulence of blood in the middle uterine artery located in the broad ligament of the pregnant horn.
o NOT a positive sign of pregnancy
When to Inseminate a Cow
o 12hrs after first sign of standing estrus
