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english language > lapdoggs > Flashcards

lapdoggs Flashcards

1
Q

prepositions

A

position words (under, over, through, on, top, bottom)

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2
Q

modal verbs

A

show possibility, intent, ability or necessity (should, could, would)

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3
Q

conjunctive adverbs

A

connects a sentence with one immediately before (therefore and instead)

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4
Q

adverbs of degree

A

intensity- often used with adverbs and adj. (much and really)

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5
Q

adverbs of frequency

A

how often something happens e.g constantly

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6
Q

adverbs of place

A

where something happens e.g anywhere

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7
Q

adverbs of manner

A

how something happens e.g bravely

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8
Q

adverbs of time

A

when something happens e.g yesterday

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9
Q

rule 1

A

“if it ends in y, change it to an I”

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10
Q

attributive position of adjective

A

placed before the noun “the purple pen”

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11
Q

predicate position

A

placed after a linking verb “the pen is purple”

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12
Q

superlative form of adjective

A

the most of an adjective (when you add an -est, in most cases) (happiest, bravest, best)

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13
Q

comparative form of adjective

A

when you add an -er (in most cases) (happier, braver, better)

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14
Q

base form of an adjective

A

basic form of an adjective (happy, brave, good)

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15
Q

intransitive form of verb

A

doesn’t have an object (to sleep)

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16
Q

transitive form of verb

A

has an object (to eat)

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17
Q

infinitive form of verb

A

base form of verb “to____” that’s it

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18
Q

imperative form

A

a command or direction (go! help!)

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19
Q

plural noun (irregular)

A

more than one person, place or thing, but written differently (sheep, people, mice)

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20
Q

plural noun (regular)

A

more than one person, place or thing (houses, cats, girls)

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21
Q

singular noun

A

refers to one person, place or thing (house, cat, girl)

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22
Q

uncountable noun

A

nouns that you can’t count (milk, salt, seafood)

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23
Q

countable noun

A

nouns that you can count (table, rabbit, ear)

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24
Q

possessive noun

A

something that is in possession of something else (Ben’s, cat’s, Aliyah’s)

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25
abstract noun 
a noun that can’t be perceived through senses (love, creativity, democracy) 
26
concrete noun (proper and common)
refers to something that can be perceived (table, rabbit, ear) 
27
bound morphemes 
they can’t stand alone as words, made up of prefixes (before) and suffixes (after) 
28
free morphemes 
words by themselves (cat, girl, cat, swim, gentle, sky). they can stand alone as words
29
passive voice 
what is to done someone or something. the subject is being acted upon. the house was painted by anna. object + action + subject
30
active voice 
what a person or thing does, the subject performs the action on the object. anna painted the house.subject + action + object
31
lexical words 
words that convey conceptual meaning (nouns, verbs, adjectives etc). open class 
32
function words 
words that convey grammatical meaning (determiners, prepositions, conjunctions etc)
33
modal force 
the intensity of the modal verb, e.g will has more force than must. 
34
modal auxiliary verb 
should  might must will could
35
primary auxiliary verb 
be: continuous  have: perfect  do: questions 
36
auxiliary verbs 
verb phrases are created using auxiliary verbs. 
37
conditional clauses 
provide a condition. if you give me a chocolate bar, i’ll take out the rubbish. 
38
FANBOYS
coordinating conjunctions For And Nor But Or Yet So
39
complex sentence 
when an independent and dependant clause joins together to form one sentence. leeds is a multicultural city, which is situated in central england. the dependant clause is a subordinating conjunction 
40
dependant clause 
a clause that cannot fit by itself, and needs an independent clause to make sense. leeds is a multicultural city, and it is an important cultural hub in england. 
41
independent clause 
a complete thought, a sentence that can work well by itself. leeds is a multicultural city 
42
prepositional phrase 
modifies a verb or a noun, head word: preposition. e.g, there is a vicar under the car 
43
adverb phrase 
a group of words that work together as an adverb in a sentence. head word: adverb 
44
verb phrase 
a group of words that together act as a verb. head word: verb 
45
adjective phrases 
a group of words that together act as an adjective. head word: adjective
46
noun phrases 
a group of words that collectively work as a noun, head word: noun
47
collocation 
a natural combination of words that are closely affiliated with each other 
48
dysphemisms 
harsher, more blunt (inc. taboo) words
49
euphemisms
more socially accepted word or phrase 
50
metaphors 
a structure that presents one thing in terms of another  
51
hyponym 
a word that works as the name of something in that category 
52
hypernym
a word that works as the name of a category 
53
antonym
a word with the opposite meaning of another 
54
synonym 
a word with the same/similar meaning of another 
55
semantic fields 
a pattern of words with similar meaning 
56
connotation
the implicit meaning of a word
57
denotation
the explicit meaning of a word 
58
negative politeness (face theory politeness strategy)
addressing negative face needs 
59
positive politeness (face theory politeness strategy)
addressing positive face needs 
60
direct request (face theory)
addressing the problem without worrying about the reaction e.g “hand it in”
61
indirect request (face theory)
avoiding being explicit to minimise threat to face 
62
negative face needs 
the universal human need to feel independent and not be imposed upon 
63
positive face needs
the universal human need to be valued and appreciated 
64
face theory 
the theory that an individual has both positive and negative face needs 
65
the maxim of manner 
be clear and avoid ambiguity 
66
the maxim of relevance 
keep what is being discussed relevant to the topic at hand 
67
the maxim of quality 
speak the truth 
68
glottal stop
using the glottis (butter without the t)
69
diphthongs
combination of 2 vowel sounds
70
onomatopoeia
sounds associated with what is named
71
sibilance
recurrence of the same vowel sounds
72
assonance
resemblance of sounds between words
73
alliteration
recurrence of the same sound at the start of words
74
metre
the rhythm of a text
75
rhyme
correspondence of sound between words
76
sound iconicity
the idea that there is an altruistic (non-abitruary) link between sound and representation
77
syllable
a circuit of sound that includes a vowel and surrounding consonants
78
vowels
vowels have no restriction and can be -monophthongs (same vowel sound) - diphthongs (a combination of two sounds)
79
consonants
all consonant sounds involve the restriction of airflow by the articulates
80
IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet)
originally developed in 1886 to help people learn foreign languages. sound and spelling do not correspond
81
prosody
study of how speakers shape meaning in speech
82
phonetics
study of how sounds are produced
83
speaker support
words or phrases (both verbal and non-verbal) that indicate agreement, and encourage a speaker to carry on talking
84
ellipses
the omission of words for economical reasons and/or because the context means that the person listening understands the shortened utterance
85
skip-connector
a word or phrase that returns the conversation to the previous topic e.g. anyway, as we were saying
86
turn-taking
i.e adjacency pairs where each speaker responds to one another at separate times
87
repair
an alteration that is suggested by the speaker e.g i want to… i mean i’d really like to
88
small talk
friendly initial conversation that may not be linked to the main topic
89
slang
colloquial words- can be swear words often associated with a particular group of people.
90
pause
short breaks in the flow of what is being said
91
overlapping
when a speaker talks over another and they speak at the same time
92
jargon
technical vocabulary- or vocabulary associated with a particular field or area
93
interruption
this occurs when one speaker jumps in and seizes the topic. often by someone in authority or important in the group.
94
filler
a non-verbal sound that acts like a pause- either to signal uncertainty or signal as a breathing space for the speaker (uh, um)
95
false start
when a speaker begins to speak, stops and then starts again
96
contraction
a shortened form, often marked by an apostrophe in writing e.g. can’t=cannot
97
inflectional morphology
morphemes used to create different verb forms
98
derivational morphology
morphemes used to create new words or change word classes

english language (6 decks)

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