gender

Question 1

marked terms suggestion

Answer 1

• suggests a reliance on, or women as other, to men

Question 2

semantic derogation

Answer 2

• the process in which a word comes to have negative meaning over time
• spinster: previously refers to a woman who spun yarn

Question 3

lexical asymmetry

Answer 3

• although the words are technically equivalents, how they are used creates lexical asymmetry
• usually the meaning takes on a negative stance when relating to women

Question 4

trudgill (1974) findings overt women covert men

Answer 4

norwich study men over reported their non standard usage women over reported their standard usage women in all social classes are more likely to use the overt prestige or rp form

Question 5

labov (1966) findings definition of overt and covert

Answer 5

overt and covert prestige - overt is using standard english in an obvious way to show status - covert is using non standard english to show status

Question 6

jones (1990) findings features of women 4

Answer 6

4 features of women gossiping
1. house talk exchange of information
2. scandal judging of the behaviour of others
3. bitching overt expression of women’s anger
4. chattingmost intimate form of gossip

Question 7

cheshire (1982) findings boys non standard due to fitting in girls non standard more personal

Answer 7

was interested in how frequent non standard features were used by adolescents in reading. boys used more non standard forms more frequently than girls did. in boys speech presence of shared group correlated to more use of non standard forms. variations in girls appears to be more personal.

Question 8

cameron (2008)s findings intersectionality women not different to men

Answer 8

she argues that the idea that women use language in different ways and for different reasons is one of the great myths of our time and that we should look at INTERSECTIONALITY which is everything

Question 9

dynamic model people

Answer 9

cameron (2008)

Question 10

kuiper (1992) findings expletives men

Answer 10

men use expletives to express solidarity and do not worry about saving face

Question 11

coates (1989) findings girls and boys friendship groups

Answer 11

girls and boys tend to have same sex friendship groups growing up and subsequently develop different styles of speaking

Question 12

pilkington (1992) findings women talk with women better than men talk with men

Answer 12

females in same sex conversation more collaborative more positive politeness strategies men same sex talk less collaborate less complimentary

Question 13

tannen (1990) findings

Answer 13

genderlect pairs
information vs feelings: men exchange information briefly, women will spend an hour on the phone talking about feelings and emotions
advice vs understanding: men find solutions women want sympathy

Question 14

people associated with the difference model

Answer 14

tannen (1990), coates (1989), pilkington (1992), kuiper (1992)

Question 15

o’barr and atkins (1980) findings courtroom

Answer 15

they studied language in a courtroom to test if lakoffs ideas fit this context. they found the findings were exhibited by both men and women when in a powerless situation in the courtroom, calling the features “powerless language”.

Question 16

fishman (1983) findings conversational shitwork

Answer 16

argues that conversation between men sometimes fails, not because of how women talk but because of how men respond, or don’t respond. she called the work women have to do to keep a conversation running “conversational shitwork”

Question 17

spender (1980) findings patriarchy men invent language men language norm

Answer 17

she referred to the work of zimmerman and west, viewing male conversational factors as the “norm” and that they actively create a patriarchy. she claims that it is especially difficult to challenge this, thinks the way we think of the world is part of and reinforces male power.

Question 18

zimmerman and west (1975) findings men interruption

Answer 18

theory that in mixed sex conversations men are more likely to interrupt subjects were white middle class and under 35, and there was 31 segments of conversation. in 11 conversations men used 46 interruptions and women 2

Question 19

dominance model people

Answer 19

zimmerman and west (1975), spender (1980), fishman (1983)

Question 20

jesperson (1922) saying

Answer 20

he argued that male language forms were “the norm” and the language of others (including women) were “deficient”

Question 21

lakoff (1975) findings an account on women’s language

Answer 21

she published an account on women’s language, that included
1. hedges
2. tag questions
3. humour: women lack a sense of humour and can’t tell jokes

Question 22

deficit model people

Answer 22

jesperson (1922), lakoff (1975), o’barr and atkins (1980)

Question 23

marked terms

Answer 23

• designate a contrasting pair, one possessing a special ‘mark’ - e.g actor can refer to both male and female actors, actress can only refer to female actors