gender Flashcards

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1
Q

marked terms suggestion

A
  • suggests a reliance on, or women as other, to men
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2
Q

semantic derogation

A
  • the process in which a word comes to have negative meaning over time
  • spinster: previously refers to a woman who spun yarn
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3
Q

lexical asymmetry

A
  • although the words are technically equivalents, how they are used creates lexical asymmetry
  • usually the meaning takes on a negative stance when relating to women
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4
Q

trudgill (1974) findings overt women covert men

A

norwich study men over reported their non standard usage women over reported their standard usage women in all social classes are more likely to use the overt prestige or rp form

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5
Q

labov (1966) findings definition of overt and covert

A

overt and covert prestige - overt is using standard english in an obvious way to show status - covert is using non standard english to show status

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6
Q

jones (1990) findings features of women 4

A

4 features of women gossiping
1. house talk exchange of information
2. scandal judging of the behaviour of others
3. bitching overt expression of women’s anger
4. chattingmost intimate form of gossip

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7
Q

cheshire (1982) findings boys non standard due to fitting in girls non standard more personal

A

was interested in how frequent non standard features were used by adolescents in reading. boys used more non standard forms more frequently than girls did. in boys speech presence of shared group correlated to more use of non standard forms. variations in girls appears to be more personal.

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8
Q

cameron (2008)s findings intersectionality women not different to men

A

she argues that the idea that women use language in different ways and for different reasons is one of the great myths of our time and that we should look at INTERSECTIONALITY which is everything

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9
Q

dynamic model people

A

cameron (2008)

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10
Q

kuiper (1992) findings expletives men

A

men use expletives to express solidarity and do not worry about saving face

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11
Q

coates (1989) findings girls and boys friendship groups

A

girls and boys tend to have same sex friendship groups growing up and subsequently develop different styles of speaking

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12
Q

pilkington (1992) findings women talk with women better than men talk with men

A

females in same sex conversation more collaborative more positive politeness strategies men same sex talk less collaborate less complimentary

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13
Q

tannen (1990) findings

A

genderlect pairs
information vs feelings: men exchange information briefly, women will spend an hour on the phone talking about feelings and emotions
advice vs understanding: men find solutions women want sympathy

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14
Q

people associated with the difference model

A

tannen (1990), coates (1989), pilkington (1992), kuiper (1992)

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15
Q

o’barr and atkins (1980) findings courtroom

A

they studied language in a courtroom to test if lakoffs ideas fit this context. they found the findings were exhibited by both men and women when in a powerless situation in the courtroom, calling the features “powerless language”.

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16
Q

fishman (1983) findings conversational shitwork

A

argues that conversation between men sometimes fails, not because of how women talk but because of how men respond, or don’t respond. she called the work women have to do to keep a conversation running “conversational shitwork”

17
Q

spender (1980) findings patriarchy men invent language men language norm

A

she referred to the work of zimmerman and west, viewing male conversational factors as the “norm” and that they actively create a patriarchy. she claims that it is especially difficult to challenge this, thinks the way we think of the world is part of and reinforces male power.

18
Q

zimmerman and west (1975) findings men interruption

A

theory that in mixed sex conversations men are more likely to interrupt subjects were white middle class and under 35, and there was 31 segments of conversation. in 11 conversations men used 46 interruptions and women 2

19
Q

dominance model people

A

zimmerman and west (1975), spender (1980), fishman (1983)

20
Q

jesperson (1922) saying

A

he argued that male language forms were “the norm” and the language of others (including women) were “deficient”

21
Q

lakoff (1975) findings an account on women’s language

A

she published an account on women’s language, that included
1. hedges
2. tag questions
3. humour: women lack a sense of humour and can’t tell jokes

22
Q

deficit model people

A

jesperson (1922), lakoff (1975), o’barr and atkins (1980)

23
Q

marked terms

A
  • designate a contrasting pair, one possessing a special ‘mark’ - e.g actor can refer to both male and female actors, actress can only refer to female actors