language transfer types

Question 1

what is substitution

Answer 1

when there is an absence of sound in l1 that is present in L2 forcing the speaker to substitute a sound

Question 2

What is under differentiation

Answer 2

when the speaker cannot make a distinction in l2
using lend and borrow interchangeably

Question 3

what is simplification

Answer 3

reducing linguistic structures resulting in grammar errors
ommiting things rticles like “the”

Question 4

what are calques?

Answer 4

negative transfer from l1 structure
disagreement in
1. subject and verb
2. countable and uncountable nouns
3. wrong use of part of speech