Language, Thought, and Intelligence Flashcards
Cognitive Psychology
an area of psychology that studies thought and language as well as intelligence
Cognition
is thinking, and it encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgement, language, and memory
Concepts
files in the brain’s “file cabinet”: categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories
Natural Concept
concept that you create and develop through your own experiences
Artificial Concept
a concept that is defined by a specific set of characteristics ie concept of a square
Schemata
a mental construct consisting of a cluster of related concepts- work as a method of organizing information efficiently in the brain
Role Schema
makes assumptions about how individuals in certain roles will behave
Event Schema aka Cognitive Script
set of behaviors that can feel like a routine difficult to change
Prototype
best example or representative of a concept ie category of civil disobedience, a prototype could be Rosa Parks
Language
is a communication system that involves using words and systematic rules to organize those words to transmit information from one individual to another; (possibly) uniquely human form of communication; not all communication is language (for example some species communicate through posture, movement, odor, etc)
Lexicon
words in a given language
Phoneme
basic unit of sound; different languages have different phonoemes
Morpheme
smallest units of language that convey some type of meaning
Grammar
set of rules used to convey meaning through the use of lexicon
Semantics
process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words
Syntax
the way words are organized into sentences
Language Development: Why is it easier for children to learn language than adults?
Skinner: proposed that we learn language through reinforcement
Chompsky: Criticized behavioral approach and asserted that mechanisms for language learning are biologically determined- we are born with a predisposition to learning language, and there is a critical period for language acquisition
What are the problem solving strategies?
trial and error, algorithm, heuristic
Trial and Error
Ex Printer Wont Print) restart printer, restart wifi, check for paper jam etc
Algorithm
step-by-step problem solving formula (consult repair section of instruction manual)
Heuristic
general problem solving framework; work backwards; break task into steps
Mental Set
when you persist in approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past but is clearly not working now
Functional Fixedness
type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for
Anchoring Bias
a focus on one piece of information when making a decision or solving a problem
Confirmation bias
tendency to focus on information that confirms your existing beliefs
Hindsight Bias
leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasnt
Representative Bias
faulty way of thinking, in which you unintentionally stereotype someone or something
Availability Heuristic
a decision is made based on an example, information or recent experience that is readily available to you, even though it may not be the best example to inform your decision
Charles Edward Spearman
British psychologist who believed that intelligence consisted of one general factor, called g, which could be measured and compared among individuals
Raymond Cattell
proposed a theory of intelligence that divided intelligence into 2 components: crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence; Cattell is associated with racist and anti-semitic theories of intelligence
Crystallized Intelligence
acquired knowledge and ability to retrieve it
Fluid Intelligence
encompasses ability to see complex relationships and solve problems
Arthur Jensen
professor of educational psychology at UC Berkeley; Jensen’s 1969 article on intelligence “How Much can we boost IQ and scholastic achievement” became one of the most controversial articles in the history of psychology and is largely responsible for current debates over race and intelligence
Robert J. Sternburg
Triarchic theory of intelligence: practical intelligence, analytical intelligence, and creative intelligence
Practical Intelligence
street smarts, common sense
Analytical Intelligence
academic problem solving and computation
Creative Intelligence
imaginative and innovative problem solving
Howard Gardner
Multiple intelligences theory (1983); Gardners inter and intra personal intelligences are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence
