Language, Thought, and Intelligence

Question 1

Cognitive Psychology

Answer 1

an area of psychology that studies thought and language as well as intelligence

Question 2

Cognition

Answer 2

is thinking, and it encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgement, language, and memory

Question 3

Concepts

Answer 3

files in the brain’s “file cabinet”: categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories

Question 4

Natural Concept

Answer 4

concept that you create and develop through your own experiences

Question 5

Artificial Concept

Answer 5

a concept that is defined by a specific set of characteristics ie concept of a square

Question 6

Schemata

Answer 6

a mental construct consisting of a cluster of related concepts- work as a method of organizing information efficiently in the brain

Question 7

Role Schema

Answer 7

makes assumptions about how individuals in certain roles will behave

Question 8

Event Schema aka Cognitive Script

Answer 8

set of behaviors that can feel like a routine difficult to change

Question 9

Prototype

Answer 9

best example or representative of a concept ie category of civil disobedience, a prototype could be Rosa Parks

Question 10

Language

Answer 10

is a communication system that involves using words and systematic rules to organize those words to transmit information from one individual to another; (possibly) uniquely human form of communication; not all communication is language (for example some species communicate through posture, movement, odor, etc)

Question 11

Lexicon

Answer 11

words in a given language

Question 12

Phoneme

Answer 12

basic unit of sound; different languages have different phonoemes

Question 13

Morpheme

Answer 13

smallest units of language that convey some type of meaning

Question 14

Grammar

Answer 14

set of rules used to convey meaning through the use of lexicon

Question 15

Semantics

Answer 15

process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words

Question 16

Syntax

Answer 16

the way words are organized into sentences

Question 17

Language Development: Why is it easier for children to learn language than adults?

Answer 17

Skinner: proposed that we learn language through reinforcement
Chompsky: Criticized behavioral approach and asserted that mechanisms for language learning are biologically determined- we are born with a predisposition to learning language, and there is a critical period for language acquisition

Question 18

What are the problem solving strategies?

Answer 18

trial and error, algorithm, heuristic

Question 19

Trial and Error

Answer 19

Ex Printer Wont Print) restart printer, restart wifi, check for paper jam etc

Question 20

Algorithm

Answer 20

step-by-step problem solving formula (consult repair section of instruction manual)

Question 21

Heuristic

Answer 21

general problem solving framework; work backwards; break task into steps

Question 22

Mental Set

Answer 22

when you persist in approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past but is clearly not working now

Question 23

Functional Fixedness

Answer 23

type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for

Question 24

Anchoring Bias

Answer 24

a focus on one piece of information when making a decision or solving a problem

Question 25

Confirmation bias

Answer 25

tendency to focus on information that confirms your existing beliefs

Question 26

Hindsight Bias

Answer 26

leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasnt

Question 27

Representative Bias

Answer 27

faulty way of thinking, in which you unintentionally stereotype someone or something

Question 28

Availability Heuristic

Answer 28

a decision is made based on an example, information or recent experience that is readily available to you, even though it may not be the best example to inform your decision

Question 29

Charles Edward Spearman

Answer 29

British psychologist who believed that intelligence consisted of one general factor, called g, which could be measured and compared among individuals

Question 30

Raymond Cattell

Answer 30

proposed a theory of intelligence that divided intelligence into 2 components: crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence; Cattell is associated with racist and anti-semitic theories of intelligence

Question 31

Crystallized Intelligence

Answer 31

acquired knowledge and ability to retrieve it

Question 32

Fluid Intelligence

Answer 32

encompasses ability to see complex relationships and solve problems

Question 33

Arthur Jensen

Answer 33

professor of educational psychology at UC Berkeley; Jensen’s 1969 article on intelligence “How Much can we boost IQ and scholastic achievement” became one of the most controversial articles in the history of psychology and is largely responsible for current debates over race and intelligence

Question 34

Robert J. Sternburg

Answer 34

Triarchic theory of intelligence: practical intelligence, analytical intelligence, and creative intelligence

Question 35

Practical Intelligence

Answer 35

street smarts, common sense

Question 36

Analytical Intelligence

Answer 36

academic problem solving and computation

Question 37

Creative Intelligence

Answer 37

imaginative and innovative problem solving

Question 38

Howard Gardner

Answer 38

Multiple intelligences theory (1983); Gardners inter and intra personal intelligences are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence