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psychology > Language, thought and communication > Flashcards

Language, thought and communication Flashcards

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1
Q

sapir whorf hypothesis summary

A

the language a person speaks has a great influence on the way they think and percieve

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2
Q

postural echo

A

mirroring body position in a social setting

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3
Q

Piaget’s theory

A

we learn through developing schemas
language depends on though-thought and understanding first, then language

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4
Q

Piaget used stages within his theory - what happened at the sensorimotor stage

A

0-2 years , children start to speak

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5
Q

pre operational stage

A

2-7 years , talk about things not present

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6
Q

concrete operational stage

A

7-11 years , children develop their own ideas

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7
Q

formal operational stage

A

11+ , talk about abstract concepts

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8
Q

evaluate piaget’s theory

A

+ supporting evidence

  • contradicting evidence = sapir whorf hypothesis
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9
Q

sapir whorf hypothesis

A

not possible to think about something you do not have words for
thinking depends on language
strong version - no words for an object - cannot think about it
weak version - words help ‘carve up’ the world = you can still imagine things even with no words for them

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10
Q

evaluate the sapir whorf hypothesis

A
  • assumes things that re not actually true = little difference between the number of words for snow that inuits and english have

+ research to support = studies on the recognition of colours

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11
Q

variation in the recall of events

A

hopi - don’t distinguish past, present and future which affects the way they think about time

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12
Q

language affects recall of events

A

memory for pictures is affected by the labels given

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13
Q

evaluate our view on the world

A

limited sample - only 1 individual from the hopi were studied
ambiguous materials - study not reflective of everyday life

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14
Q

recognition of colours

A

the zuni only have one word for shades of orange and yellow and in a study, they had difficulty distinguishing them

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15
Q

language affects recall of colours

A

berinmo people had difficulty recalling colours as they only have 5 words for colours

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16
Q

evaluate colour and language

A
  • difficulties with cross cultural understanding
  • opposite results between tribes
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17
Q

bee study - aim

A

to describe the movement of bees to understand their communicatio

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18
Q

bee study - method

A

put food close to glass hive, and far away
observed the bees by marking them with a sport of paint

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19
Q

bee study - results

A

round dance = 100 m away

waggle dance = points direction of food far away

60% of bees went to food sources

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20
Q

evaluate bee study

A

+ scientific value

  • unnatural behaviours due to glass hive and paint and food

+ replicated and similar results obtained

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21
Q

survival

A

vocal sounds from vervet monkeys
visual signs from rabbits who lift tail and pin ears back

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22
Q

reproduction

A

peacocks stretch out their feathers like an umbrella to communicate genetic fitness

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23
Q

territory

A

rhinos leave piles of dung to communicate territorial boundaries

24
Q

food

A

ants leave a pheromone trail to communicate location of food source

25
Q

humans can plan ahead and discuss future events

A

humans can discuss things not presents
animals are focussed on present eg. food

26
Q

creativity

A

humans have an open system combining many words together
animals have a closed system

27
Q

single vs multiple channels

A

human language expressed many ways - spoken, written etc

28
Q

eye contact - regulate flow

A

participants look away when about to speak and have a prolonged gaze when about to finish

29
Q

eye contact - attraction

A

people who use eye contact are judged as more attractive

30
Q

eye contact - expressing emotion

A

participants judged emotions as more intense of the had a direct gaze

31
Q

evaluate eye contact

A

+ real world application = helps people with autism

  • artificial studies = lack validity as studying eye contact is not normal
32
Q

evaluate body language

A

+ real world application = people can use body language to build good relationships

  • unethical as they do not know they are being studied
33
Q

cultural difference for personal space

A

english peoples personal space is greater than arabs

34
Q

personal space - gender differences

A

women feel comfortable when personal space is invaded from the side for men it is the front

35
Q

personal space - status

A

people with similar status stand closer

36
Q

evaluate personal space

A

+ real world application - useful in everyday situations

  • unrepresentative samples
37
Q

darwin - non verbal behaviour

A

baring teeth is adaptive

38
Q

comparisons with human behaviour

A

our distant ancestors opened eyes wider to find a route to safety. this has been passed down and is an element of surprise

39
Q

serviceable habits

A

behaviours used by ancestors to promote survival
still used by not the same purpose

40
Q

darwins theory evaluation

A

+ research into newborns = babies are born with the ability to use eye contact and smile which suggests these nvcs are innate and evolved
- cultural differences in nvcs = differences between cultures such as personal space means his theory cannot explain all nvc

41
Q

evidence that Non verbal communication is innate

A

neonate research

social releasers

facial expressions

sensory deprived

42
Q

neonate research

A

if nvcs displayed by new born babies, this suggests that the behaviour is innate

43
Q

social releasers

A

certain neonate behaviours eg smiling, makes others want to provide care, therefore are adaptive

44
Q

facial expressions

A

neonates display an expression of disgust when given sour tastes suggesting it is innate

45
Q

sensory deprived

A

thompson found blind children show similar facial expressions to sighted child - suggesting nvcs are innate

46
Q

evidence that nvc is learned

A

cross cultural research

contact vs non contact cultures

gestures

explaining cultural differences

47
Q

cross cultural research

A

comparing behaviours from different cultures shows if they are learned

48
Q

contact vs non contact cultures

A

contact countries - latin prefer smaller personal space
non contact cultures - uk and usa prefer larger space

49
Q

gestures

A

pointing index finger is offensive in hindu culture

50
Q

explaining cultural differences

A

social learning theory - observe other people in your culture and imitate ( people learn what gestures are ok )

51
Q

yukis study

A

comparing cultural understanding of non verbal behaviours can show whether it is universal or learned

52
Q

yuki study - aim

A

to find out if there is a difference in the interpretation of emotions in japan and america

53
Q

yukis study - method

A

6 emoticons shown with different combinations of eyes and mouths
participants rated faces in terms of happiness expressed on a 9 point rating scale

54
Q

yukis study - results

A

japanese - higher happiness rating for happy eyes than americans
americans - higher happiness rating when mouths were happy even with sad eyes

55
Q

Yukis study - conclusion

A

cultural differences in the way emotion is interpreted in facial expressions, japanese may use eyes because cultural norms lead to hiding emotions but hard to control the expression from the eyes

56
Q

yukis study - evaluation

A
  • artificial materials = emoticons leave out features such as wrinkle lines which may be important when judging emotions
  • only tested one emotion = in everyday life, faces express a range of emotions not just happy and sad

psychology (3 decks)

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