Language of malignancy Flashcards

1
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in cell number
Needs a stimulus and will stop when stimulus is withdrawn
continuous stimulus increases chance of malignancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Examples of hyperplasia

A

Inner lining of uterus- hyperplasia during mensuration due to hormonal stimulus

Liver regenerating after resection

When you’re unable to produce sperm for prostate hyperplasia occurs to increase hormones and try to trigger cell production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is hypertrophy

A

Increase in cell size

more organelles in cytoplasm ect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Examples of hypertrophy

A

Skeletal muscle- increased muscle due to increased use

Cardiac muscle - left ventricular hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What causes left ventricular hypertrophy

A

Increased peripheral vascular resistance causes and increase in after load meaning the heart has to work harder to pump blood so the cardiac muscle undergoes hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is hypertrophic obstructive hypertrophy

A

Not true hypertrophy
Genetic disorder
Cardiac muscle keeps getting bigger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What can left ventricular hypertrophy lead to

A

Heart failure

Arrhythmia and sudden death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is atrophy

A

Decrease in cell size/number
occurs with withdrawal of stimulus
Hormonal or mechanical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What causes asymmetrical atrophy in the middle of normal skeletal muscle

A

nerve damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is metaplasia

A

A change from one mature cell type to another

Reversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Example of metaplasia

A

Barrets oesophagus

Change from squamous epithelium to intestinal type columnar epithelium

Change from ciliated pseudostratisfied columnar epithelium to squamous epithelium from cigarette smoke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which is more associated with malignancy, hyperplasia or metaplasia

A

Metaplasia - higher risk

Hyperplasia - low risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What puts barret’s oesophagus at even higher risk of malignancy

A

Dysplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why do you get squamous cell carcinomas in the lung when there isn’t any squamous cells in the lungs

A

Because there is metaplasia in response to cigarette smoke from ciliated columnar to squamous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do identify columnar epithelium

A

Cells look like columns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does barret’s oesophagus look like histologically

A

Columnar epithelium with goblet cells underneath

17
Q

What does stratified squamous epithelium look like histologically

A

lots of layers

18
Q

what kind of cells line everything shiny which is exposed to external environment

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

19
Q

What is neoplasia

A

New growth without a stimulus

Can be benign, premalignant or malignant

20
Q

What is dysplasia

A

disordered growth

21
Q

Why isn’t dysplasia malignant

A

Because it is pre-malignant

22
Q

What is malignancy

A

new growth that invades another structure

or new growth that has metastatic potential

23
Q

Example of benign neoplastic growth

A

Small carcinoid tumours in the lungs

non malignant skin cancer (squamous papilloma) - only taken off for aesthetic purposes

24
Q

How do you treat carcinoma in situ

A

Not metastatic- not spread anywhere

Just chop it out

25
Is situ disease malignant
No
26
What does stellate opacity within the right upper lobe mean
Starlike mass that is dancer than air | Not benign as if it is benign it is usually round
27
What does diffusely firm suggest
Inflammation Infection Deficiency
28
What is a cyst
thin walled round structure, has to be lined by epithelium
29
What is a pseudocyst
Looks like a cyst but not incapsulated by epithelium
30
What do pseudocysts on the pancreas mean
Chronic pancreatitis
31
What causes necrosis in pancreatitis
Pancreatic enzymes activated and released in the pancreas degrading the pancreas
32
What are the causes of chronic pancreatitis
Recurrent bouts of acute pancreatitis
33
What is I GET SMASHED
``` Causes of acute pancreatitis Idiopathic gallstones ethanol trauma steriods mumps autoimmune scorpion bites hypercalcaemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperparathyroid hormone ERCP Drugs ```
34
Partial gastrectomy contains an 18 mm ulcerated area within the lesser curve. Ulcer is shallow and has heaped up rolled edges
Gatric cancer Poorly defined shallow ulcer with HEAPED UP ROLLED EDGES means cancer
35
What do inflammatory ulcers look like
Punched out, well defined
36
High nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, nuclear cytoplasmic ratio with irregular nuclear contours and obvious pleomorphism. Occasional tripolar mitoses are seen. Evidence of intracellular mucin
Adenocarcinoma Cancer of goblet cells
37
What is mucin secreted by
glandular cells
38
What are signet rings
Nucleus pushed to the side of cell due to mucin being produced ADENOCARCINOMA