Language of malignancy Flashcards
Hyperplasia
Increase in cell number
Needs a stimulus and will stop when stimulus is withdrawn
continuous stimulus increases chance of malignancy
Examples of hyperplasia
Inner lining of uterus- hyperplasia during mensuration due to hormonal stimulus
Liver regenerating after resection
When you’re unable to produce sperm for prostate hyperplasia occurs to increase hormones and try to trigger cell production
What is hypertrophy
Increase in cell size
more organelles in cytoplasm ect.
Examples of hypertrophy
Skeletal muscle- increased muscle due to increased use
Cardiac muscle - left ventricular hypertrophy
What causes left ventricular hypertrophy
Increased peripheral vascular resistance causes and increase in after load meaning the heart has to work harder to pump blood so the cardiac muscle undergoes hypertrophy
What is hypertrophic obstructive hypertrophy
Not true hypertrophy
Genetic disorder
Cardiac muscle keeps getting bigger
What can left ventricular hypertrophy lead to
Heart failure
Arrhythmia and sudden death
What is atrophy
Decrease in cell size/number
occurs with withdrawal of stimulus
Hormonal or mechanical
What causes asymmetrical atrophy in the middle of normal skeletal muscle
nerve damage
What is metaplasia
A change from one mature cell type to another
Reversible
Example of metaplasia
Barrets oesophagus
Change from squamous epithelium to intestinal type columnar epithelium
Change from ciliated pseudostratisfied columnar epithelium to squamous epithelium from cigarette smoke
Which is more associated with malignancy, hyperplasia or metaplasia
Metaplasia - higher risk
Hyperplasia - low risk
What puts barret’s oesophagus at even higher risk of malignancy
Dysplasia
Why do you get squamous cell carcinomas in the lung when there isn’t any squamous cells in the lungs
Because there is metaplasia in response to cigarette smoke from ciliated columnar to squamous
How do identify columnar epithelium
Cells look like columns
What does barret’s oesophagus look like histologically
Columnar epithelium with goblet cells underneath
What does stratified squamous epithelium look like histologically
lots of layers
what kind of cells line everything shiny which is exposed to external environment
Stratified squamous epithelium
What is neoplasia
New growth without a stimulus
Can be benign, premalignant or malignant
What is dysplasia
disordered growth
Why isn’t dysplasia malignant
Because it is pre-malignant
What is malignancy
new growth that invades another structure
or new growth that has metastatic potential
Example of benign neoplastic growth
Small carcinoid tumours in the lungs
non malignant skin cancer (squamous papilloma) - only taken off for aesthetic purposes
How do you treat carcinoma in situ
Not metastatic- not spread anywhere
Just chop it out
Is situ disease malignant
No
What does stellate opacity within the right upper lobe mean
Starlike mass that is dancer than air
Not benign as if it is benign it is usually round
What does diffusely firm suggest
Inflammation
Infection
Deficiency
What is a cyst
thin walled round structure, has to be lined by epithelium
What is a pseudocyst
Looks like a cyst but not incapsulated by epithelium
What do pseudocysts on the pancreas mean
Chronic pancreatitis
What causes necrosis in pancreatitis
Pancreatic enzymes activated and released in the pancreas degrading the pancreas
What are the causes of chronic pancreatitis
Recurrent bouts of acute pancreatitis
What is I GET SMASHED
Causes of acute pancreatitis Idiopathic gallstones ethanol trauma steriods mumps autoimmune scorpion bites hypercalcaemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperparathyroid hormone ERCP Drugs
Partial gastrectomy contains an 18 mm ulcerated area within the lesser curve. Ulcer is shallow and has heaped up rolled edges
Gatric cancer
Poorly defined shallow ulcer with HEAPED UP ROLLED EDGES means cancer
What do inflammatory ulcers look like
Punched out, well defined
High nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, nuclear cytoplasmic ratio with irregular nuclear contours and obvious pleomorphism. Occasional tripolar mitoses are seen. Evidence of intracellular mucin
Adenocarcinoma
Cancer of goblet cells
What is mucin secreted by
glandular cells
What are signet rings
Nucleus pushed to the side of cell due to mucin being produced
ADENOCARCINOMA
