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Y1 CANCER CLASP > Language of malignancy > Flashcards

Language of malignancy Flashcards

1
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in cell number
Needs a stimulus and will stop when stimulus is withdrawn
continuous stimulus increases chance of malignancy

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2
Q

Examples of hyperplasia

A

Inner lining of uterus- hyperplasia during mensuration due to hormonal stimulus

Liver regenerating after resection

When you’re unable to produce sperm for prostate hyperplasia occurs to increase hormones and try to trigger cell production

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3
Q

What is hypertrophy

A

Increase in cell size

more organelles in cytoplasm ect.

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4
Q

Examples of hypertrophy

A

Skeletal muscle- increased muscle due to increased use

Cardiac muscle - left ventricular hypertrophy

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5
Q

What causes left ventricular hypertrophy

A

Increased peripheral vascular resistance causes and increase in after load meaning the heart has to work harder to pump blood so the cardiac muscle undergoes hypertrophy

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6
Q

What is hypertrophic obstructive hypertrophy

A

Not true hypertrophy
Genetic disorder
Cardiac muscle keeps getting bigger

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7
Q

What can left ventricular hypertrophy lead to

A

Heart failure

Arrhythmia and sudden death

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8
Q

What is atrophy

A

Decrease in cell size/number
occurs with withdrawal of stimulus
Hormonal or mechanical

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9
Q

What causes asymmetrical atrophy in the middle of normal skeletal muscle

A

nerve damage

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10
Q

What is metaplasia

A

A change from one mature cell type to another

Reversible

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11
Q

Example of metaplasia

A

Barrets oesophagus

Change from squamous epithelium to intestinal type columnar epithelium

Change from ciliated pseudostratisfied columnar epithelium to squamous epithelium from cigarette smoke

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12
Q

Which is more associated with malignancy, hyperplasia or metaplasia

A

Metaplasia - higher risk

Hyperplasia - low risk

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13
Q

What puts barret’s oesophagus at even higher risk of malignancy

A

Dysplasia

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14
Q

Why do you get squamous cell carcinomas in the lung when there isn’t any squamous cells in the lungs

A

Because there is metaplasia in response to cigarette smoke from ciliated columnar to squamous

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15
Q

How do identify columnar epithelium

A

Cells look like columns

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16
Q

What does barret’s oesophagus look like histologically

A

Columnar epithelium with goblet cells underneath

17
Q

What does stratified squamous epithelium look like histologically

A

lots of layers

18
Q

what kind of cells line everything shiny which is exposed to external environment

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

19
Q

What is neoplasia

A

New growth without a stimulus

Can be benign, premalignant or malignant

20
Q

What is dysplasia

A

disordered growth

21
Q

Why isn’t dysplasia malignant

A

Because it is pre-malignant

22
Q

What is malignancy

A

new growth that invades another structure

or new growth that has metastatic potential

23
Q

Example of benign neoplastic growth

A

Small carcinoid tumours in the lungs

non malignant skin cancer (squamous papilloma) - only taken off for aesthetic purposes

24
Q

How do you treat carcinoma in situ

A

Not metastatic- not spread anywhere

Just chop it out

25
Q

Is situ disease malignant

A

No

26
Q

What does stellate opacity within the right upper lobe mean

A

Starlike mass that is dancer than air

Not benign as if it is benign it is usually round

27
Q

What does diffusely firm suggest

A

Inflammation
Infection
Deficiency

28
Q

What is a cyst

A

thin walled round structure, has to be lined by epithelium

29
Q

What is a pseudocyst

A

Looks like a cyst but not incapsulated by epithelium

30
Q

What do pseudocysts on the pancreas mean

A

Chronic pancreatitis

31
Q

What causes necrosis in pancreatitis

A

Pancreatic enzymes activated and released in the pancreas degrading the pancreas

32
Q

What are the causes of chronic pancreatitis

A

Recurrent bouts of acute pancreatitis

33
Q

What is I GET SMASHED

A 
Causes of acute pancreatitis 
Idiopathic 
gallstones 
ethanol 
trauma 
steriods 
mumps 
autoimmune 
scorpion bites 
hypercalcaemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperparathyroid hormone 
ERCP 
Drugs
34
Q

Partial gastrectomy contains an 18 mm ulcerated area within the lesser curve. Ulcer is shallow and has heaped up rolled edges

A

Gatric cancer

Poorly defined shallow ulcer with HEAPED UP ROLLED EDGES means cancer

35
Q

What do inflammatory ulcers look like

A

Punched out, well defined

36
Q

High nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, nuclear cytoplasmic ratio with irregular nuclear contours and obvious pleomorphism. Occasional tripolar mitoses are seen. Evidence of intracellular mucin

A

Adenocarcinoma

Cancer of goblet cells

37
Q

What is mucin secreted by

A

glandular cells

38
Q

What are signet rings

A

Nucleus pushed to the side of cell due to mucin being produced

ADENOCARCINOMA

Y1 CANCER CLASP (6 decks)

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