(LANGUAGE METHODS) Phonetics and Phonology

Question 1

[Consonant Group] Plosives

Answer 1

Made with an explosion of air after being blocked (stop consonants). E.g. b, p, t, d, k, g.

Question 2

[Consonant Group] Fricatives

Answer 2

Air is released through the mouth in a ‘trickle’. E.g f, v, s, z, sh, th.

Question 3

[Consonant Group] Affricates

Answer 3

Two sounds close together. A plosive and a fricative. E.g. ch (church) dj (judge).

Question 4

[Consonant Groups] Nasals

Answer 4

Air is blocked in the mouth - instead air moves through the nose. E.g. m, n, ng.

Question 5

[Consonant Group] Approximates

Answer 5

Air is less restricted than the fricative. The tongue moves to make the sound – similar to vowel sounds. E.g. r, j ,w.

Question 6

[Consonant Group] Laterals

Answer 6

Created by placing the tongue on the ridge of the teeth then moving air down the side of the mouth. E.g. L

Question 7

[Describing Consonants and their Effect] Pulmonic or Non-Pulmonic.

Answer 7

The source of the air - lungs or other.

Question 8

[Describing Consonants and their Effect] Ingressive and Egressive

Answer 8

Direction of the air stream. Ingressive = inwards. Egressive = outwards.

Question 9

[Describing Consonants and their Effect] Voiced and Unvoiced

Answer 9

Vibration of the vocal cords. Vibrating (voiced). E.g. Zzzz. Not vibrating (unvoiced). E.g. Ssss.

Question 10

[Describing Consonants and their Effect] Oral and Nasal

Answer 10

Position of the soft palate. Raised = oral. Lowered = nasal.

Question 11

[Describing Consonants and their Effect] Articulation

Answer 11

Place in vocal tract and manner of articulation.

Question 12

[Place of Articulation] Bilabial

Answer 12

Both lips involved. E.g. [p], [b], [m].

Question 13

[Place of Articulation] Labio-dental

Answer 13

Lower lip meets upper teeth. E.g. [f], [v].

Question 14

[Place of Articulation] Dental

Answer 14

Tongue meets upper teeth. E.g. thin, this.

Question 15

[Place of Articulation] Alveolar

Answer 15

Blade of tongue meets alveolar ridge. E.g. [t], [s].

Question 16

[Place of Articulation] Velar

Answer 16

Back of tongue meets soft palate. E.g. [g], [k].

Question 17

[Place of Articulation] Glottal

Answer 17

Vocal cords come together to cause friction. E.g. [h]

Question 18

Lexical Onomatopoeia

Answer 18

Function within our language. In dictionary. E.g. crash, bang.

Question 19

Non-Lexical Onomatopoeia

Answer 19

Work in language but aren’t lexical items. E.g. vroom, whoosh.

Question 20

Alliteration

Answer 20

Sequence of words beginning with the same sounds.

Question 21

Assonance

Answer 21

Repetition of vowel sounds.

Question 22

Consonance

Answer 22

Repetition of consonant sounds.

Question 23

Sibilance

Answer 23

Repetition of sounds like “sh” and “s”.

Question 24

Connected Speech

Answer 24

When words combine into connected speech, changes to pronunciation can occur.

Question 25

[Connected Speech] Strong and Weak Forms

Answer 25

Different pronunciation depending on how they are said - whether they are emphasised (for example) or said in isolation (e.g)

Question 26

[Connected Speech] Elision

Answer 26

Rapid speech sounds may be left out or elided especially when they occur as part of a consonant cluster. E.g [t], [s] are usually lost at the end of words.

Question 27

[Connected Speech] Assimilation

Answer 27

Sounds next to each other become more alike. Adjacent sounds often influence each other so they become more similar or assimilate. Happens in rapid speech - makes it easier to say words quickly. E.g. handbag.

Question 28

3 types of Assimilation

Answer 28

Regressive/Anticipatory => sound is influenced by the following sound. E.g. ten bikes.
Progressive => influenced by the preceding sound. E.g. lunch score.
Coalescent/Reciprocal => mutual influence or ‘fusion’. E.g. don’t you.

Question 29

[Connected Speech] Liaison

Answer 29

Sound inserted between words or syllables to help them run together more smoothly and to avoid a gap called a hiatus. E.g. pronouncing /r/ at the end of words. E.g. mother ate. Media[r] interest.

Question 30

Phonological Manipulation

Answer 30

Covers the ways in which text producers play with sounds for effect.

Question 31

Phonological Substitution

Answer 31

Covers the ways in which text producers play with sounds and meaning for effect. E.g. Q: when do astronauts eat? A: at launch time!

Question 32

Homophone

Answer 32

Sounds the same but different meaning. E.g. chord/cord. Witch/which. Sea/see.