(LANGUAGE METHODS) Phonetics and Phonology Flashcards
[Consonant Group] Plosives
Made with an explosion of air after being blocked (stop consonants). E.g. b, p, t, d, k, g.
[Consonant Group] Fricatives
Air is released through the mouth in a ‘trickle’. E.g f, v, s, z, sh, th.
[Consonant Group] Affricates
Two sounds close together. A plosive and a fricative. E.g. ch (church) dj (judge).
[Consonant Groups] Nasals
Air is blocked in the mouth - instead air moves through the nose. E.g. m, n, ng.
[Consonant Group] Approximates
Air is less restricted than the fricative. The tongue moves to make the sound – similar to vowel sounds. E.g. r, j ,w.
[Consonant Group] Laterals
Created by placing the tongue on the ridge of the teeth then moving air down the side of the mouth. E.g. L
[Describing Consonants and their Effect] Pulmonic or Non-Pulmonic.
The source of the air - lungs or other.
[Describing Consonants and their Effect] Ingressive and Egressive
Direction of the air stream. Ingressive = inwards. Egressive = outwards.
[Describing Consonants and their Effect] Voiced and Unvoiced
Vibration of the vocal cords. Vibrating (voiced). E.g. Zzzz. Not vibrating (unvoiced). E.g. Ssss.
[Describing Consonants and their Effect] Oral and Nasal
Position of the soft palate. Raised = oral. Lowered = nasal.
[Describing Consonants and their Effect] Articulation
Place in vocal tract and manner of articulation.
[Place of Articulation] Bilabial
Both lips involved. E.g. [p], [b], [m].
[Place of Articulation] Labio-dental
Lower lip meets upper teeth. E.g. [f], [v].
[Place of Articulation] Dental
Tongue meets upper teeth. E.g. thin, this.
[Place of Articulation] Alveolar
Blade of tongue meets alveolar ridge. E.g. [t], [s].
[Place of Articulation] Velar
Back of tongue meets soft palate. E.g. [g], [k].
[Place of Articulation] Glottal
Vocal cords come together to cause friction. E.g. [h]
Lexical Onomatopoeia
Function within our language. In dictionary. E.g. crash, bang.
Non-Lexical Onomatopoeia
Work in language but aren’t lexical items. E.g. vroom, whoosh.
Alliteration
Sequence of words beginning with the same sounds.
Assonance
Repetition of vowel sounds.
Consonance
Repetition of consonant sounds.
Sibilance
Repetition of sounds like “sh” and “s”.
Connected Speech
When words combine into connected speech, changes to pronunciation can occur.
[Connected Speech] Strong and Weak Forms
Different pronunciation depending on how they are said - whether they are emphasised (for example) or said in isolation (e.g)
[Connected Speech] Elision
Rapid speech sounds may be left out or elided especially when they occur as part of a consonant cluster. E.g [t], [s] are usually lost at the end of words.
[Connected Speech] Assimilation
Sounds next to each other become more alike. Adjacent sounds often influence each other so they become more similar or assimilate. Happens in rapid speech - makes it easier to say words quickly. E.g. handbag.
3 types of Assimilation
Regressive/Anticipatory => sound is influenced by the following sound. E.g. ten bikes.
Progressive => influenced by the preceding sound. E.g. lunch score.
Coalescent/Reciprocal => mutual influence or ‘fusion’. E.g. don’t you.
[Connected Speech] Liaison
Sound inserted between words or syllables to help them run together more smoothly and to avoid a gap called a hiatus. E.g. pronouncing /r/ at the end of words. E.g. mother ate. Media[r] interest.
Phonological Manipulation
Covers the ways in which text producers play with sounds for effect.
Phonological Substitution
Covers the ways in which text producers play with sounds and meaning for effect. E.g. Q: when do astronauts eat? A: at launch time!
Homophone
Sounds the same but different meaning. E.g. chord/cord. Witch/which. Sea/see.
