(LANGUAGE METHODS) Lexis and Semantics

Question 1

Proper Noun

Answer 1

Names of people, places or organisations. E.g. Paris

Question 2

Abstract Noun

Answer 2

Concepts, ideas, emotions. Intangible. E.g. Sadness, Hope, Happiness

Question 3

Concrete Nouns

Answer 3

Tangible. E.g. Table, Shoe

Question 4

Collective Nouns

Answer 4

Plurals. E.g. Flock of Birds, Pride of Lions

Question 5

Personal Pronoun

Answer 5

I, you, she, they,

Question 6

Demonstrative Pronoun

Answer 6

This, these, that, those.

Question 7

Relative Pronoun

Answer 7

Who, whom, which, that.

Question 8

Reflexive Pronoun

Answer 8

Myself, themselves, yourself.

Question 9

Possessive Pronoun

Answer 9

My, your, his.

Question 10

Material Verbs

Answer 10

Describing action or events. E.g. fought, hit

Question 11

Relational Verbs

Answer 11

States of being. E.g. were, seem, become.

Question 12

Mental Verbs

Answer 12

Thought and speech. E.g. pondered, think, love.

Question 13

Dynamic Verbs

Answer 13

Where something changes. E.g. remove, paint.

Question 14

Stative Verbs

Answer 14

Nothing changes. E.g. believe, hold, love.

Question 15

Transitive Verbs

Answer 15

Require an object. E.g. Give, see.

Question 16

Intransitive Verbs

Answer 16

Don’t require an object. E.g die, sleep, yawn.

Question 17

Auxiliary Verbs

Answer 17

Additional, Supplementary. Something that helps/gives assistance. Assists main verb in a verb phrase. E.g. I WAS running. I SHOULD eat more greens.

Question 18

Primary Auxiliaries (e.g. be, do, have)

Answer 18

Often used to distinguish tense.

Question 19

Modal Auxiliaries

Answer 19

Show possibility, probability, certainty, obligation or necessity and will always be attached to a main verb. E.g. you may leave now. You ought to say sorry. I will eat that cake.

Question 20

Preposition

Answer 20

Show relation in terms of time or place. E.g. before, in, under.

Question 21

Conjunction

Answer 21

Joins two subordinate clauses together. E.g. And, because, so.

Question 22

Determiner

Answer 22

In front of nouns to add detail or to clarify.

Question 23

Adjectives

Answer 23

Add details to nouns.

Question 24

Adverbs

Answer 24

Describes verbs. E.g. QUICKLY moved. SUDDENLY jumped.

Question 25

Lexical Words

Answer 25

‘Meat’ of a language. Have explicit meanings and new additions to these word classes are always appearing. E.g. table, bird, fear.

Question 26

Functional Words

Answer 26

Have less explicit meanings and serve to highlight the relationships between other words. New additions are rare. E.g. the, before, they, since, and.

Question 27

Lexical Cohesion

Answer 27

Using words to make a text flow.

Question 28

Lexical Connectors

Answer 28

Words like therefore, firstly, later.

Question 29

Anaphoric Referencing

Answer 29

Noun before pronoun. E.g. TOM was tired. HE hadn’t slept well at all.

Question 30

Cataphoric Referencing

Answer 30

Pronoun before noun. E.g. When HE woke up, TOM was still tired.

Question 31

Ellipsis

Answer 31

Straight to the point. E.g. Where did you go last year? PORTUGAL

Question 32

Substituting

Answer 32

Changing one set of lexical items for another. E.g. MY MOBILE PHONE is so out of date. I must look into getting a NEWER MODEL.

Question 33

Semantics

Answer 33

Refers to the study of meaning and how meaning is created within texts. Also concerned with the relationship between lexical items.

Question 34

(Semantic Relationships): synonymy

Answer 34

Words with similar semantic value. E.g. cry and wail

Question 35

(Semantic Relationships): Antonymy

Answer 35

Words with opposite semantic value. E.g. Life and Death.

Question 36

(Semantic Relationships): Hyponymy

Answer 36

Hierarchy of lexical items from more general to more specific. E.g. Animals -> Mammal -> Canine -> Dog -> Cocker Spaniel.

Question 37

Euphemism

Answer 37

Mild or indirect expression used instead of one that is considered in some way offensive, painful or unpleasant. E.g. passed away.

Question 38

Dysphemism

Answer 38

A use of language that emphasises unpleasantness. E.g. kicked the bucket.

Question 39

Complementary and Gradable Antonyms

Answer 39

Complementary Antonyms represent true opposites (e.g. True and False) however Gradable Antonyms can be considered in terms of degree (e.g. Short and Long).

Question 40

Figurative Language

Answer 40

Things like ACOASTMAP. Figurative Language is beyond the literal. E.g. similes, metaphors, personification, idiom (e.g. it’s raining cats and dogs).

Question 41

Epistemic Modality

Answer 41

Likelihood and certainty - possibility of things being true. E.g. you MUST be starving.

Question 42

Deontic Modality

Answer 42

Possibility and necessity in terms of freedom to act (including permission and duty). E.g. You MUST leave now.