language in context Flashcards
reading
bottom up vs top down processing
bottom up processing:
- inputs from sensory systems
- recognition of letters & words
top down processing:
- expectations and prior knowledge about material
- meanings of words
what is dyslexia and how is it an example of bottom up processing
difficulty deciphering, reading, comprehending, text
impairments in:
- phonological awareness (recognizing sound structures in a word)
- phonological reading
(reading words in isolation is harder than in context)
- coding in WM
(remembering strings of phonemes)
- lexical access
(retrieval from long term memory)
what is the word superiority effect
letters are more easily recognized in the context of a word than alone; words are more easily recognized in the context of a sentence than alone
shows the importance of the interaction of top down and bottom up processing
what is linguistic relativity
speakers of different languages have different cognitive systems
- leads to different ways of thinking about the world
what is the sapir-whorf hypothesis
strong interpretation
- thoughts and behavior are determined by language
milder interpretaiton
- thoughts and behavior are influenced by language
what are the types of bilinguals
bilingual : someone who speaks two languages
additive bilingual: learns a second language without the loss of their native language
subtractive bilingual: learns a second language that interferes with their native language
simultaneous bilingual: learns a second language from birth
sequential bilingual: learns one language and then another
what are pidgins
communication between two language groups, but they can understand each other without having to learn the other language
- often used by immigrants and locals
- develops to become a creole
what is a creole
complete language that has native speakers and has developed through expansion of word form and grammar
what is a dialect
regional variety of a language
ex: soda vs pop
- we can be prejudiced based on dialect
