Language Families

Question 1

Porto-Indo-European

Answer 1

Connects Sanskrit & other Indian languages with most European languages

Question 2

Indo-European Branches

Answer 2

• Albanian
• Armenian
• Baltic
• Celtic
• Germanic
• Greek
• Indo-Iranian
• Italic
• Slavic

Question 3

Germanic (Indo-European) - WEST

Answer 3

English, Dutch, Yiddish

Question 4

Germanic (Indo-European) - EAST

Answer 4

All extinct -> gothic, Burgundian, Vanandic

Question 5

Germanic (Indo-European) - NORTH

Answer 5

West Scandinavian - Icelandic

East Scandinavian - danish, Swedish

Question 6

Hutterisch

Answer 6

40,000 speakers, West Germanic, 50% mutual intelligibility, originated during Protestant Movement in Austria; carinthian German had strong impact

Question 7

Plautdietch

Answer 7

Mennonites; originated in the Netherlands; 80,000 speakers; 50% mutual intelligibility

Question 8

Italic (Indo-European) - LATIN

Answer 8

Oldest language of italic branch; no native speakers; problematic because is technically a parent language but still exists in its original form & is spoken as a separate language

Question 9

Italic (Indo-European) - WESTERN ROMANCE

Answer 9

Gallo-Romance & Ibero-Romance (Castilian, Catalan, Occitan, Portuguese)

Question 10

Italic (Indo-European) - CASTILIAN

Answer 10

Spain, South America, Caribbean, USA

Question 11

Italic (Indo-European) - CATALAN

Answer 11

4-7 mil speakers in Spain; spoken in Catalonia, Valencia, Balearic Islands, Andorra

Question 12

Italic (Indo-European) - PORTUGUESE

Answer 12

6th largest language globally; spoken in Portugal, Brazil, Africa, India, & China

Question 13

Portuguese based creoles

Answer 13

Guinea Creole

Angolar

Question 14

Italic (Indo-European) - GALLO-ROMANCE

Answer 14

Lombard, Venetian, French, Picard, Walloon

Question 15

Walloon

Answer 15

Thought to be a dialect of French by is a distinct language; endangered; no gender Marking; adjectives precede nouns

Question 16

Italic (Indo-European) - ITALO-ROMANCE

Answer 16

Italian

Question 17

Slavic (Indo-European) - WEST

Answer 17

Czech, Slovak, Polish

Question 18

Slavic (Indo-European) - SOUTH

Answer 18

Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbia’s-Croatian, Slovene

Question 19

Slavic (Indo-European) - EAST

Answer 19

Russian, Ukraine, Byelorussian

Question 20

Slavic

Answer 20

All languages pretty similar; Common Slavic existed until as late as 10th century; lexical & grammatical differences increase from East to West
Palatal consonants, fusional, complex morphology, conserves features from PIE

Question 21

Celtic (Indo-European)

Answer 21

Spoken throughout Europe around 1000 yrs ago

Insular & Continental (all extinct)

Question 22

Celtic (Indo-European) - INSULAR

Answer 22

Brythonic (Welsh, Breton, Cornish-extinct)

Goidelic (Gaelic, Manx-extinct)

Question 23

Uralic language family

Answer 23

• Finno-Ugric
• Mari
• Mordvin
• Permian
• Sami
• Samoyed

No gender morphology (not even pronouns)
Agglutinative morphology
Vowel harmony (assimilation - partial & total)

Question 24

Trigger

Answer 24

Vowel that triggers the vowel assimilation

Question 25

Target

Answer 25

The vowels that assimilate/harmonize to become like the trigger in some way

Question 26

Altaic Language Family

Answer 26

• Turkic
• Mongolic
• Tungusic
• Japonic ?
• Korean ?

Agglutinative
Vowel Harmony

Question 27

Afro-Asiatic Family

Answer 27

• Berber
• Chadic
• Cushitic
• Semitic
• Omotic
• Egyptian (extinct)

Complicated consonant inventories (glottalization)
2 genders in singular nouns
Templatic morphology
VSO word order

Question 28

Sino-Tibetan Language Family

Answer 28

• Chinese
• Tibeto-Burman

Isolating & tonal