Language Disorders in Toddlers & Preschool-Aged Children

Question 1

what age span is toddlerhood

Answer 1

1 1/2 to 2 1/2 years (18-30 months)

Question 2

What are the language milestones of toddlerhood

Answer 2

vocabulary explosion, emergence of early grammar/syntax

Question 3

what are the 5 principles of assessment in toddlerhood

Answer 3

family-centered assessment, assess as early in the Childs life as possible, work with a collaborative team of other professionals, involve individuals from the child’s culture, gather an extensive case history, evaluate caregiver-child interactions, make sure hearing has been tested, use multiple measures in assessment, make sure assessment is nondiscriminatory and appropriate

Question 4

three major milestones in toddlerhood

Answer 4

development of new vocabulary, new communicative functions, Childs level of play

Question 5

how can we assess vocabulary in formal assessments

Answer 5

standardized (peabody picture vocabulary test, expressive one word vocabulary test) norm-referenced parent report (MacArthur-bates communicative development inventories, MCDIs)

Question 6

when are the MCDIs administered and what are its parts

Answer 6

16-30 months, pt. 1 parents make words the child says or signs, pt. 2 parent indicate child’s understanding of word forms and the complexity of the child’s multi-word utterances

Question 7

disadvantages of communicative development inventories

Answer 7

can be subject to bias either up or down, requires literacy skills if we are sending them home with a parent/caregiver, norming sample can be an issue

Question 8

how do we test receptive vocabulary in an informal assessments

Answer 8

prompt with “lets play with the train” and have them choose it out

Question 9

how do we test expressive vocabulary in an informal assessment

Answer 9

prompt with “ oh you found a ___” and let them fill in the blank

Question 10

what are the functions we see in the pre-linguistic stage

Answer 10

behavior regulation, social interaction, joint attention

Question 11

what additional functions of communication emerge in toddlerhood

Answer 11

ask and answer questions, talk about people/ things not present, negotiate, make jokes, lie

Question 12

what are the benefits of play

Answer 12

play is how children learn, knowing about children preference, provides information about developmental functioning

Question 13

what are we looking for in play

Answer 13

how social is the play, what cognitive level is the play, how is language being incorporated into the play

Question 14

the time before children say their first meaningful words

Answer 14

prelinguistic phase

Question 15

what age does the prelinguistic phase run from

Answer 15

birth - 15 months approximates

Question 16

the two parts of the prelinguistic phase

Answer 16

perlocutionary and illocutinary

Question 17

runs from birth- approximates 9 months and children do not have communicative intent

Answer 17

perlocutionary stage

Question 18

children are unaware that behaviors affect partners, caregivers respond as if its intentional

Answer 18

perlocutionary stage

Question 19

during the perlocutionary stage, children generally demonstrate:

Answer 19

eye contact, smiles and vocalization, shared affect, turn- taking/ engaging in routines

Question 20

t/f the lack of perlocutionary stage behaviors is a red flag for a language disorder

Answer 20

true

Question 21

what behavior I the key to all early communication intentional or otherwise

Answer 21

eye contact

Question 22

reductions in eye gaze may be the earliest sign of later risk for what disorder

Answer 22

autism spectrum

Question 23

t/f children with disabilities may have reduced production of smiles and vocalizations for various reasons

Answer 23

true

Question 24

what are the two types of shared affect

Answer 24

shared positive affect and protest/shared negative affect

Question 25

looking at communication partners to share in excitement

Answer 25

shared positive affect

Question 26

including partners when ‘fussing’ or distressed

Answer 26

protest/ shared negative affect

Question 27

ability and eagerness to take turns in fun games is a critical part of the emergence of intent because turn-taking games are predictable

Answer 27

turn-taking and routines

Question 28

list the four behaviors of assessment targets

Answer 28

eye contact, smiles and vocalizations, shared affect, turn-taking and routines

Question 29

for children who do not demonstrate the behaviors reliably the behaviors become

Answer 29

intervention targets

Question 30

takes place from approximately 9-15 months

Answer 30

illocutionary stage

Question 31

when does the illocutionary stage begin

Answer 31

with the emergence of communicative intent

Question 32

what is communicative intent

Answer 32

children realize they can affect the behavior of others without using words

Question 33

what behaviors are seen during the illocutionary stage

Answer 33

eye gaze shift, persistence, satisfaction/frustration, change in form of attempt, use of conventional form (words)

Question 34

what of communication is how the client is communicating

Answer 34

mode

Question 35

what of communication is why the client is communicating

Answer 35

function

Question 36

list the 3 functions of communication in the prelinguistic stage

Answer 36

joint attention, behavior regulation, social interaction

Question 37

when assessing behavior what are we looking for

Answer 37

if the child demonstrating behaviors that indicate intent

Question 38

when assessing modes what are we looking for

Answer 38

what modes are being used, how often is each being used

Question 39

t/f gestures do not predict language development

Answer 39

false

Question 40

when assessing functions what are we looking for

Answer 40

what functions are used, how frequently do each occur

Question 41

t/f there shouldn’t be an equal representation of the three communicative functions

Answer 41

false

Question 42

list the parts of a prelinguistic assessment

Answer 42

case history, behavioral observation, criterion-referenced assessment

Question 43

what do we do to treat prelinguistic clients who need to establish intentionality

Answer 43

help caregivers identify important behaviors and develop parents supportive responses

Question 44

what do we do to treat prelinguistic clients who have some intentionality

Answer 44

encourage the parent to respond to prelinguistic forms of communication, use evidence based interaction strategies