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PSYCH 304 - Child Dev. > Language Development > Flashcards

Language Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is a high-amplitude sucking procedure (HASP)? What age does it happen at?

A

Procedures rely on infant sucking reflex, where infants will produce a high-amplitude suck when hearing a new stimuli. Used to test infants from birth to 4 months

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2
Q

What is the HASP discrimination paradigm?

A

Used to test whether infants can distinguish between two auditory stimuli. If infants produce high-amplitude sucks when hearing novel stimuli, it proves they can discriminate between the two.

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3
Q

What is the HASP preference paradigm?

A

Used to test infant’s preferences by the number of high-amplitude sucks they produce for one stimulus over the others.

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4
Q

What is a preferential listening procedure?

A

Procedure for infants older than 4m (need good head control) quantifies how much time infants spend looking at different stimulus over the other.

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5
Q

What are three findings on speech perception in infants made using HASP?

A

They prefer speech sounds, mother’s voice and native language

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6
Q

What is categorical perception of speech in adults?

A

Ability to distinguish between phonemes, which focuses listeners on sounds that are linguistically meaningful

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7
Q

Do infants have similar categorical perception as adults (Eimas et al. 1971)

A

Tested 1m American infants with HASP to test ability to distinguish between /ba/ and /pa/. Findings showed increased high-amplitude sucking to novelty sound /ba/ after being habituated to /pa/.

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8
Q

Is categorical perception innate?

A

It appears to be the case, newborns have the same categorical perception as adults

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9
Q

What is the difference between infant and adult cross-language speech perception?

A

Infants makes more distinctions between speech sounds than adults

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10
Q

What study was performed on infant cross-language speech perception? (Werker et al. 1988)

A

Test 6m American infants with HASP to test whether they could discriminate between Hindu /Ta/ and /ta/. Findings show increased sucking when hearing novel sounds, suggesting infants can discriminate between sounds adults cannot.

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11
Q

What is the result of perceptual narrowing of speech perception? When does it happen?

A

Infants begin to loose the ability to distinguish between non-native speech sounds by 8 m; by 10-12m the ability is completely lost

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12
Q

What is word segmentation? What are the two ways used to segment words?

A

Ability to know where one ends and another begins (7 m). Use of: stress patterns and distribution of speech sounds.

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13
Q

What is stress patterning?

A

Different languages place stress on different parts of the word, infants pick up on these patterns and use it for word segmentation

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14
Q

What is the distribution of speech sounds? What study was performed?

A

Children pick up on letter patterns that often appear together, which are then more likely to be words. Using a preferential listening procedure, 8 month infants were habituated to a stream of syllables where some syllables are co-occured and others never did. Infants listened longer to rare sequences of syllables, suggesting they understand word boundaries by likelihood of syllables belonging together.

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15
Q

What is cooing? Around what age? What is its function?

A

By 2m, infants can “speak” drawn out vowels sounds, which help infants gain motor control over vocalization and elicits interaction with caregivers.

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16
Q

What is babbling? What age? What are its functions?

A

Babbling is the repetition of consonant-vowel syllables that happens at 7 months. It serves a social function (practice turn-taking) and a learning function (signal of alertness)

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17
Q

What is manual babbling?

A

Deaf infants exposed to sign language early on will babble with their hands

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18
Q

When do infants understand words? What does it precede?

A

Infants understand words at around 6 months before they can produce them. If shown two pictures of different objects, they will look at the designated object more than the other.

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19
Q

When does the first word begin? Why is it tricky to identify?

A

First words usually appear at 12 months and is considered any utterances consistently used to refer to particular meaning. However, babbles can often sound like words (mamamama) and the meaning of a baby’s first word can differ from its standard meaning (woof woof)

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20
Q

What are 3 ways words often mispronounced by children?

A
  1. Omit difficult parts (banana -> nana)
  2. Substitue difficult sounds for easier one (rabbit -> wabbit)
  3. Re-order sounds to put easy one first (pisgetti)
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21
Q

Are first words similar cross-culturally?

A

Yes, they are usually a family member, pet or important objects because infants have similar interests and priorities

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22
Q

What are two limitations of first words?

A
  1. Overextension: using words in broader context than appropriate (dogs = all animals)
  2. Underextension: using word in more limited context (cat = only family pet)
23
Q

When do infants start to learn more words? What is this period called?

A

Vocabulary spurts happen at 18 months, where infants know about 50 words.

24
Q

What are two ways children learn words?

A
  1. Assumptions about the language
  2. Social context
25
Q

As part of children’s assumptions in word learning, what is the mutual exclusivity assumption?

A

Infants assume that objects only have one label, so they assume new word = new object

26
Q

As part of children’s assumption in word learning, what is whole-object assumption?

A

Idea that a word refers to whole object rather than part of the object

27
Q

As part of children’s assumption in word learning, what is shape bias?

A

Children will apply a noun to a new objects of the same shape, over similar size, color. ortexture

28
Q

As part of children’s assumptions in word learning, what is grammatical form?

A

Process that influences whether words are interpreted as nouns, verbs or adjectives, before they are taught.

29
Q

As part of children’s assumption in word learning, what is cross-situation word learning?

A

Process of determining word meaning by tracking correlation between labels across context

30
Q

As part of children’s assumptions in word learning, what is pragmatic cue of gaze?

A

Process by which children will assume adults are refering to objects they are looking at

31
Q

As part of children’s assumptions in word learning, what is the pragmatic cue of tone of voice?

A

Children are very attuned to confidence in speaking and they will overwrite what they know if it is said with confidence

32
Q

What are the three factors that influence word learning in the social context?

A
  1. Infant-directed speech
  2. Quantity of speech
  3. Quality of Speech
33
Q

What is infant-directed speech (IDS)?

A

Distinctive mode of speech when talking to babies or pets, characterized by higher pitch, slower speech, shorter utterances, clearer pronunciation, etc.

34
Q

What is the function of IDS?

A

to draw infant’s attention to speech, which facilitates word learning. By 7-8 m, infants who were introduced to new words in IDS were much better at recalling them than those who learned them in adult-speech

35
Q

What is the quantity of speech factor?

A

The number of words children hear used around them predicts their vocabulary size. Research found that infants from low SES hear a lot less words, leading to smaller vocabularies than infants from high SES

36
Q

What is the quality of speech factor?

A

The richness of adult communication with their child predicts children’s language ability. Quality of speech can include joint engagement, stressing new words, playing naming objects, etc.

37
Q

What is the grocery store intervention?

A

Intervention aimed at increasing interaction between children and parents in low SES areas to increase quantity and quality of speech

38
Q

What is the impact of placing children with similarly poor language ability in the same classroom?

A

Negatively impacts language growth, rather they have a better chance to catch up if placed with children with higher language abilities and with teachers who use rich vocabulary

39
Q

When do children speak their first sentence? What results from this?

A

By 2 years old, infants can say first sentence and they start using telegraphic speech continaing 2-3 words that leave out non-essential words. However, this unclear communication leads to a lot of frustration and anger (terrible twos)

40
Q

When have children mastered basic grammar?

A

By 5 years old they can express and understand more complex ideas

41
Q

How do we know children have internalized knowledge of grammatical rules?

A
  1. They can apply grammatical rules to new contexts
  2. Overregularization errors: speech errors in which children treats irregular forms of a word as if they were regular (foots, mans, goed, etc.)
42
Q

How is grammar learned? (2 ways)

A
  1. Parents and caregivers: children model grammatically correct speech, however they usually dont correct children’s grammatical errors
  2. Statistical learning: infants are good at picking up on patterns; when habitually exposed to new word sequences in a specific structure, then tested with a new, but similar structure, 8-month-olds were able to tell the differences.
43
Q

Why do children (1-4y) struggle to engage in mutual conversation?

A
  1. Private speech
  2. egocentric speech
44
Q

At what age can children engage in conversations with others?

A

5y

45
Q

When is the sensitive period for language acquisition? Why?

A

Birth-puberty, until maturational changes in the brain language areas cause them to become more rigid.

46
Q

What piece of evidence does the Genie case provide for sensitive periods of language?

A

She was not exposed to linguistic inputs from the age of 18 months to 13y, thus she was never able to speak despite extensive trainings.

47
Q

What piece of evidence does recovery after brain damage provide for sensitive periods of language?

A

Children who sustained brain damage to language areas usually recover full language abilities due to the elasticity of their brain. However, after puberty, recovery is more likely than not permanent

48
Q

What piece of evidence does deaf people provide for sensitive periods of language?

A

Deaf adults who were exposed to a spoken or signed language in early childhood are much better at ASL later in life than deaf adults not exposed to ASL as infants.

49
Q

What piece of evidence does the second language learners provide for sensitive periods of language?

A

People who learn their L2 before puberty will most likely achieve full proficiency and nativity, but after puberty, language proficiency is highly variable.

50
Q

What is the monolingual brain hypothesis?

A

Belief that infant brains are programmed to be monolingual and that bilingualism stretches limited processing capacities in infants resulting in confusion and delays.

51
Q

What is the bilingualism in the Utero study?

A

A study found that bilingual Tagalog-English children had no preference for either language, suggesting they start to learn both languages in utero. Furthermore, both the bilingual group and monolingual group were able to distinguish both languages

52
Q

Is the monolingual brain hypothesis is wrong, what do we have?

A

Bilingual infants develop two seperate language system rather than confusing two languages

53
Q

What are three evidences for the two languages systems?

A
  1. Progression of language is similar for mono and bilingual children
  2. Children select which language they speak based on partners
  3. Children mix language, but so do adult, not a sign of confusion
54
Q

What is an advantage of bilingualism?

A

Better executive function, which also causes delayed onset of Alzheimer’s disease.

PSYCH 304 - Child Dev. (9 decks)

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