Growing up in a family

Question 2

Does childhood experience predict adult attachment style? What study was performed? What were 3 results?

Answer 2

Longitudinal study that assessed quality of caregiving based on maternal sensitivity, maternal depression, and father absence. Results showed that (1) less supportive parenting predicts insecure attachment style at 18 years. (2) Avoidance is predicted by low maternal sensitivity and lack of father, and (3) anxiety is predicted by maternal depression

Question 3

What study was performed on daycare and attachment style?

Answer 3

Study measured childcare quality and attachment style, child’s behavior and mother’s interaction with child. Results indicates that childcare has no effect on attachment style, however, poor childcare and low maternal sensitivity does result in insecure attachment.

Question 4

A good daycare compensates for what?

Answer 4

For poor parenting

Question 5

What is discipline?

Answer 5

Set of strategies parents used to teach children to behave

Question 6

What is internalization?

Answer 6

Effective disciplines lead to internalization, the process by which a child learns and accepts reasons for desired behaviors.

Question 7

What are two ways to foster internalization?

Answer 7

1. Reasoning that focuses on effect of behavior on others
2. Psychological pressure

Question 8

What does too little psychological pressure create? What does too much? What is just right?

Answer 8

Too little = not taken seriously and disobedience
Too much = comply only if there is a risk and rebellion later
Just right = slightly raised voice and stern look

Question 9

What are some general discipline guidelines?

Answer 9

Set limits and enforce rule
Give attention to good behavior and ignore bad ones
Give consequences and always follow through
time-out: works best when specific rules is broken after warning

Question 10

What are the two dimensions of parenting style?

Answer 10

1. Discipline/control
2. Sensitivty/warmth

Question 11

What are the four parenting styles (just name)?

Answer 11

1. Authoritative
2. Authoritarian
3. Permissive
4. Uninvolved

Question 12

What is authoritative parenting?

Answer 12

High-sensitivity and high discipline parents establish clear limits, form enforcement and explain reasoning behind discipline. They also allow for autonomy within limits and are attentive to children’s needs.

Question 13

What is the outcome of authoritative parenting?

Answer 13

Higher self-esteem, social skills and academic performance

Question 14

What is authoritarian parenting?

Answer 14

High-discipline and low-sensitivity parents are insensitive to a child’s needs; expect them to comply and use threats and punishment.

Question 15

What are the outcomes for authoritarian parenting?

Answer 15

Hostility towards parents, no internalization, rebellion in adolescence, low self-esteem, more psychological issues and lower social competence

Question 16

What is permissive parenting?

Answer 16

High sensitivity but low control; permissive parents respond to children’s needs but are overly lenient, and children don’t have to regulate themselves. Results in children with higher impulsivity, less self-control, and lower grades.

Question 17

What is uninvolved parenting?

Answer 17

Low sensitivity and low control; they are disengaged with parenting. Creates struggle with self-worth, insecure attachment styles, lower social competence, and lower grades.

Question 18

What is helicopter parenting?

Answer 18

Overbearing parents due to close attention to all problems and will solve problemss for children. Sends the message that the child is incompetent. Children have more anxiety and depressio, less self-efficacy and poorer academic peformance.

Question 19

What is gentle parenting?

Answer 19

Poorly defined but generally refers to high warmth and focus on regulation of emotions. Discipline focuses on natural consequences and is most similar to permissive parenting.

Question 20

What are the differences in parenting between mothers and fathers?

Answer 20

Mothers: spend 1.5 hours more with children daily and provides more physical and emotional support
Fathers: plays more with children

Both equally important

Question 21

Parenting across culture: what is common between all nationalities studied?

Answer 21

They all reported teaching children about good and bad behaviors and they all reported not withdrawing love as a punishment

Question 22

Parenting across cultures: what did Italian parents do most?

Answer 22

Yell

Question 23

Parenting across cultures: what did Kenyan parents do most?

Answer 23

Most likely to threaten punishment, but less likely to take away privileges

Question 24

What is the difference between Chinese and American parenting?

Answer 24

Chinese parents are more likely to use authoritarian parenting; however, it is much less negative for Chinese children than for American children (probably because it is the norm)

Question 25

Is spanking effective?

Answer 25

60% of children are spanked; however, years of research show that it causes less internalization of rules, more aggression, difficult relationships with parents, more mental health issues, and lower self-esteem

Question 26

What is the influence of children on parenting?

Answer 26

They have a big influence on parenting, warmth children will encourage more warm parenting

Question 27

What is the coercive cycle?

Answer 27

Negative cycle where children with difficult temperament will yell and throw tantrums. It leads to two potentials negative outcomes:
1. Child’s give up = reinforces idea that harsh parenting is useful
2. Parent gives up = reinforce idea that tantrums are useful

Question 28

How to break the coercive cycle?

Answer 28

Set clear limits and follow through on punishment consistently

Question 29

What is the role of shared genes?

Answer 29

Parent and child’s behavior can also be influenced by shared genes, therefore children’s outcomes is not solely dependent on parenting styles

Question 30

Today, first-time parents are…?

Answer 30

Older, more educated, have higher incomes, have fewer children, are less likely to get divorced, and are more authoritative

Question 31

Today, same-sex parents are…?

Answer 31

12% of parents and children have same outcomes, no differences

Question 32

Today, divorce is…?

Answer 32

The outcome of 30-45% of marriage

Question 33

The impact of divorce on children depends on what?

Answer 33

Age: Children under 12 years old experience more internalizing (anxiety and depression) and externalizing (impuslivity, disobedicence, aggression) symptoms. Children over 12 usually experience poorer academic performance

Question 34

Do the effects of divorce last?

Answer 34

No, children usually rapidly bounce back, except for 10%

Question 35

What two factors make divorces harder to adjust to?

Answer 35

1. Multiple changes (new home, new family, new school, etc.)
2. Parental conflict (child as mediator)

Question 36

However, divorce can be positive; how?

Answer 36

If parents had a lot of conflict before divorce, it can actually improve the psychological well-being of children.

Question 37

Does the quality of sibling relationships matter?

Answer 37

Yes, it is a predictor for depression and social withdrawal and behavioral issues

Question 38

What are two factors that predict a positive sibling relationship?

Answer 38

1) Siblings treated as equal by parents (not true only if the less favored child is: older, views it as justified, or in collectivist culture)
2. Parents get along: models positive relationship and less competition for attention

Question 39

What are some ways that make siblings similar?

Answer 39

Genetic influence and shared environment

Question 40

What are some ways that make siblings different?

Answer 40

Genetic influence: different temperament -> interprets parenting styles differently
Non-shared environment: different parental treatment. different family context, birth order, peers, etc.

Question 41

Is the birth order idea true? Why?

Answer 41

No, no meaningful effects of birth order. It persist because of confirmation bias and also people mistake age for birth order (older siblings will always be more responsible)

Question 42

Children in low SES face…? Why?

Answer 42

Lower grades, more behavioral issues and depression/anxiety. Because of material hardship, more stress, and less parental involvement.

Question 43

Children in high SES face…? Why?

Answer 43

More drug abuse, and more anxiety/depression. Because of less present parentsa (at work) and more pressure