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Language Change Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

Older texts contain

A

More complex and compound sentences, multiple clauses, use of long big S not little s, don’t use auxiliary use I love you not, often put compliment before subject and verb eg certain it is, pronoun use of one not I or you, non-standard preposition eg at london not in london, lack of contractions eg dont use won’t= formal

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2
Q

Semantic broadening

A

Word gains more meanings

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3
Q

Pejoration

A

Words meaning gets more negative over time

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4
Q

Semantic weakening

A

Words meaning gets weaker

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5
Q

Semantic narrowing

A

Meaning becomes more specific

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6
Q

Acronyms

A

NASA

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7
Q

Eponym

A

Products named after someone eg. Sandwich

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8
Q

Proprietary name

A

When a product name becomes the generic name for the product eg dyson

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9
Q

Anglicisation

A

Making a word sound more English by adding English vowels

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10
Q

Archaism

A

Old word

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11
Q

Neologism

A

New word

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12
Q

Obsolete language

A

Language that has disappeared

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13
Q

Synchronic language study

A

Geographical study of language

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14
Q

Diachronic study

A

Historical study of language

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15
Q

Amelioration

A

Meaning becomes more positive over time

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16
Q

Loan words

A

Bungalow- India, get them through international affairs such as trading

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17
Q

Clipped words

A

Plane for aeroplane

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18
Q

Blended Lexis

A

Brunch

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19
Q

Compound words

A

Football

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20
Q

Initialism

A

DVD

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21
Q

Internal and External change

A

Changes in language from within and from around

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22
Q

Standardisation

A

Idea language is becoming more standard over time less varied

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23
Q

Globalisation

A

The world is becoming more interconnected

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24
Q

Informalisation

A

Language is becoming more informal over time

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25
Q

Neosemy

A

Word takes a new meaning

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26
Q

Semantic reclamation

A

Words are reclaimed eg yid or the n word

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27
Q

Transitive verb

A

Has object eg I drive Jon

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28
Q

Three language irregularities

A

Double negative, double superlative, ending sentence with preposition

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29
Q

Rebracketing

A

Removing first letter eg adder used to be nadder

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30
Q

Metathesis

A

Changing word structure eg wasp used to be waps

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31
Q

Syncope

A

When sounds disappear eg no one says the t in christmas

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32
Q

Epenthesis

A

When sounds intrude eg thunder used to be thuner

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33
Q

Velarisation

A

When l sound disappears eg folk and talk can start sounding like a W

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34
Q

Affrication

A

Add y sound before vowel eg tyune instead on tune

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35
Q

Folk etymology

A

Omission of foreign accent eg female not femelle

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36
Q

Spelling pronunciation

A

Change in pronunciation eg sk used to be pronounce sh

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37
Q

Low order Lexus and high order Lexus

A

Slang and formal words

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38
Q

High frequency and low frequency lexis

A

Words used and how frequently

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39
Q

Hypernym

A

Broad label eg furniture

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40
Q

Hyponym

A

Fits in broader term eg chair

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41
Q

Concrete noun

A

Can be touched eg chair

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42
Q

Abstract noun

A

Can’t be touched eg sadness

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43
Q

Collective noun

A

Team, herd

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44
Q

Euphemism

A

Avoid directness eg passed away

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45
Q

Dysphemism

A

Blunt eg 6 feet under

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46
Q

Adjectives

A

Descriptive, irregular eg bad, evaluative, emotive, superlative

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47
Q

Minor sentence

A

Doesn’t Contains subject and verb eg doesn’t it

48
Q

Simple sentence

A

One clause eg I drink wine

49
Q

Compound sentence

A

It is the weekend and I drink wine

50
Q

Complex sentence

A

Because it is the weekend, I drink wine

51
Q

Concessive complex sentence

A

Even though he was poor, he donated money

52
Q

Comparative complex sentence

A

This is more difficult, than I expected

53
Q

Intransitive verb

A

No object eg I die

54
Q

Active voice

A

I drink wine

55
Q

Passive voice

A

Wine is drunk by me

56
Q

Elliptical sentence

A

Clause element isn’t present but is implied

57
Q

Sentence functions

A

Declarative, interrogative, exclamative, imperative

58
Q

Pragmatics

A

Politeness, implication, humour, sarcasm

59
Q

Mitigated Disguised imperative

A

You’re being loud

60
Q

Subordinate relative clause

A

The man, who lives beside us, is ill

61
Q

Temporal clause

A

I’ll ring you again, before I leave

62
Q

Conditional clause

A

I’ll be there at 4, if I can

63
Q

Progressive tense

A

I am running, I was running, I will be running

64
Q

Perfect

A

I had run, I have run, I will have run

65
Q

Perfect progressive

A

I had been running, I have been running, I will have been running

66
Q

Primary auxiliary verbs

A

To be, to have, to do

67
Q

Modal auxiliary verbs

A

Would, will, may, might, should etc

68
Q

Epistemically modal auxiliary

A

Shows likelihood eg it may happen

69
Q

Deontic modal auxiliary

A

Show obligation eg you must

70
Q

Semantic field

A

Field specific Lexus, jargon

71
Q

Coinage

A

New word

72
Q

Coordinating conjunction

A

So, and

73
Q

Interjection

A

Ah, huh

74
Q

Definite article

A

The

75
Q

Indefinite article

A

A/an

76
Q

Adverb of Manor

A

Slowly

77
Q

Adverb of frequency

A

Every day, often, occasionally

78
Q

Adverb of place

A

In the park

79
Q

Adverb of time

A

Yesterday, today

80
Q

Intensifier

A

Very

81
Q

Generic convention

A

Aspects you expect to see of a certain genre

82
Q

Hyperbole

A

Exaggerated statement

83
Q

Colloquialism

A

Not formal everyday speech

84
Q

Cliche

A

Phrase commonly used with no original thought

85
Q

Common register

A

Everyday words

86
Q

Literary register

A

Register of books

87
Q

Academic

A

Used in essays

88
Q

Foreign

A

Adds foreign words adds formality

89
Q

Latinate

A

Very formal Latin words

90
Q

Scientific

A

Jargon

91
Q

Technical

A

Education jargon

92
Q

Low technical

A

Jargon of mechanics, plumbers etc

93
Q

Slang

A

Informal

94
Q

Dialect

A

Local jargon informal

95
Q

Subjective pronouns

A

He/she/it/they

96
Q

Personal pronoun

A

I, we

97
Q

Objective pronoun

A

Me, us, you

98
Q

Possessive pronoun

A

Mine, ours, yours

99
Q

Reflexive pronoun

A

Myself, yourself

100
Q

Reciprocal pronoun

A

Each other, one another

101
Q

Relative pronoun

A

That, which, whose, when

102
Q

Demonstrative pronoun

A

This, that, these

103
Q

Interrogative pronoun

A

Who, what, where

104
Q

Indefinite pronoun

A

Anything, anybody, something, nothing

105
Q

Subordinating conjunction

A

Because, however, although

106
Q

Determiners

A

Modify nouns, quantifiers- some, demonstrative- this, possessive- our, interrogative- who

107
Q

Prepositions

A

Positional- above, directional- through, temporal- after,

108
Q

Diphthong

A

Double vowel sound

109
Q

Plosives sound

A

Airflow blocked briefly usually p sound

110
Q

Lateral

A

L sound

111
Q

Nasal

A

M/ n sound

112
Q

Overgeneralisation

A

Use of fishes or sheeps

113
Q

Antonym

A

Words with opposite meaning

114
Q

Synonym

A

Words with similar meaning

115
Q

Figurative Lexus

A

Idiom, cliche, dead metaphor, metaphor, simile

116
Q

Content words

A

For meaning

117
Q

Function words

A

For structure eg pronouns

English Language (4 decks)

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