Language Change Flashcards by Henry green

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More complex and compound sentences, multiple clauses, use of long big S not little s, don’t use auxiliary use I love you not, often put compliment before subject and verb eg certain it is, pronoun use of one not I or you, non-standard preposition eg at london not in london, lack of contractions eg dont use won’t= formal

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Semantic broadening

Word gains more meanings

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Pejoration

Words meaning gets more negative over time

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Semantic weakening

Words meaning gets weaker

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Semantic narrowing

Meaning becomes more specific

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Acronyms

NASA

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Eponym

Products named after someone eg. Sandwich

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Proprietary name

When a product name becomes the generic name for the product eg dyson

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Anglicisation

Making a word sound more English by adding English vowels

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Archaism

Old word

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Neologism

New word

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Obsolete language

Language that has disappeared

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Synchronic language study

Geographical study of language

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Diachronic study

Historical study of language

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Amelioration

Meaning becomes more positive over time

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Loan words

Bungalow- India, get them through international affairs such as trading

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Clipped words

Plane for aeroplane

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Blended Lexis

Brunch

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Compound words

Football

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Initialism

DVD

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Internal and External change

Changes in language from within and from around

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Standardisation

Idea language is becoming more standard over time less varied

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Globalisation

The world is becoming more interconnected

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Informalisation

Language is becoming more informal over time

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Neosemy

Word takes a new meaning

Semantic reclamation

Words are reclaimed eg yid or the n word

Transitive verb

Has object eg I drive Jon

Three language irregularities

Double negative, double superlative, ending sentence with preposition

Rebracketing

Removing first letter eg adder used to be nadder

Metathesis

Changing word structure eg wasp used to be waps

Syncope

When sounds disappear eg no one says the t in christmas

Epenthesis

When sounds intrude eg thunder used to be thuner

Velarisation

When l sound disappears eg folk and talk can start sounding like a W

Affrication

Add y sound before vowel eg tyune instead on tune

Folk etymology

Omission of foreign accent eg female not femelle

Spelling pronunciation

Change in pronunciation eg sk used to be pronounce sh

Low order Lexus and high order Lexus

Slang and formal words

High frequency and low frequency lexis

Words used and how frequently

Hypernym

Broad label eg furniture

Hyponym

Fits in broader term eg chair

Concrete noun

Can be touched eg chair

Abstract noun

Can’t be touched eg sadness

Collective noun

Team, herd

Euphemism

Avoid directness eg passed away

Dysphemism

Blunt eg 6 feet under

Adjectives

Descriptive, irregular eg bad, evaluative, emotive, superlative

Minor sentence

Doesn’t Contains subject and verb eg doesn’t it

Simple sentence

One clause eg I drink wine

Compound sentence

It is the weekend and I drink wine

Complex sentence

Because it is the weekend, I drink wine

Concessive complex sentence

Even though he was poor, he donated money

Comparative complex sentence

This is more difficult, than I expected

Intransitive verb

No object eg I die

Active voice

I drink wine

Passive voice

Wine is drunk by me

Elliptical sentence

Clause element isn’t present but is implied

Sentence functions

Declarative, interrogative, exclamative, imperative

Pragmatics

Politeness, implication, humour, sarcasm

Mitigated Disguised imperative

You’re being loud

Subordinate relative clause

The man, who lives beside us, is ill

Temporal clause

I’ll ring you again, before I leave

Conditional clause

I’ll be there at 4, if I can

Progressive tense

I am running, I was running, I will be running

Perfect

I had run, I have run, I will have run

Perfect progressive

I had been running, I have been running, I will have been running

Primary auxiliary verbs

To be, to have, to do

Modal auxiliary verbs

Would, will, may, might, should etc

Epistemically modal auxiliary

Shows likelihood eg it may happen

Deontic modal auxiliary

Show obligation eg you must

Semantic field

Field specific Lexus, jargon

Coinage

New word

Coordinating conjunction

So, and

Interjection

Ah, huh

Definite article

The

Indefinite article

A/an

Adverb of Manor

Slowly

Adverb of frequency

Every day, often, occasionally

Adverb of place

In the park

Adverb of time

Yesterday, today

Intensifier

Very

Generic convention

Aspects you expect to see of a certain genre

Hyperbole

Exaggerated statement

Colloquialism

Not formal everyday speech

Cliche

Phrase commonly used with no original thought

Common register

Everyday words

Literary register

Academic

Used in essays

Foreign

Adds foreign words adds formality

Latinate

Very formal Latin words

Scientific

Jargon

Technical

Education jargon

Low technical

Jargon of mechanics, plumbers etc

Slang

Informal

Dialect

Local jargon informal

Subjective pronouns

He/she/it/they

Personal pronoun

I, we

Objective pronoun

Me, us, you

Possessive pronoun

Mine, ours, yours

Reflexive pronoun

Myself, yourself

Reciprocal pronoun

Each other, one another

Relative pronoun

That, which, whose, when

Demonstrative pronoun

This, that, these

Interrogative pronoun

Who, what, where

Indefinite pronoun

Anything, anybody, something, nothing

Subordinating conjunction

Because, however, although

Determiners

Modify nouns, quantifiers- some, demonstrative- this, possessive- our, interrogative- who

Prepositions

Positional- above, directional- through, temporal- after,

Diphthong

Double vowel sound

Plosives sound

Airflow blocked briefly usually p sound

Lateral

L sound

Nasal

M/ n sound

Overgeneralisation

Use of fishes or sheeps

Antonym

Words with opposite meaning

Synonym

Words with similar meaning

Figurative Lexus

Idiom, cliche, dead metaphor, metaphor, simile

Content words

For meaning

Function words

For structure eg pronouns