Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

English Language > Language Change > Flashcards

Language Change Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

What is standardisation?

A

The idea that language is linguistically getting narrower.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is functional theory?

A

David crystals theory that language changes according to its function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does Crystal believe?

A

He believes that all living languages change because people are changing all the time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does crystal say is intrinsically linked to language change?

A

Technological developments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What else does crystal believe?

A

Although technology produces neologisms, the amount is very small compared to overall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Crystal on mode

A

Predicts mode will shift towards audio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Crystal On orthography

A

Punctuation minimalism describes the fact we use minimal punctuation online.
Punctuation maximalism is the opposite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Crystal on attitudes towards language change

A

Descriptivist thinks criticism is wrong. Missing letters doesn’t mean you can’t spell but is either for efficiency or to fit in.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Crystal on the future of language

A

The internet is going mobile and will be the dominant form of technological communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Random fluctuation theory

A

There is no order to language change for example a simple language mistake may go mainstream. Happens increasingly digitally.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Substratum theory

A

Suggests that when people learn a new language they learn it imperfectly and pass down language mistakes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Stages of language development

A

Innovation- new word created, sometimes viewed as an error

Diffusion- when the language spreads to a wider audience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

S curves

A

Aitchison believes language changes follow an s curve, it takes a new word a while to catch on then grows quickly then the usage flattens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Wave model

A

Idea new language is strongest around the creator but weaker as it spreads. This spread can be social or geographical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Plain English campaign

A

Encourage straightforward English less use of jargon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Political correctness

A

Avoiding language that may cause offence. Some people object to this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Linguistic reform

A

Eg using special needs for disabilities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Donald mackinnon

A

1996 how language is judged. Incorrect or correct, pleasant or ugly, socially acceptable or unacceptable, appropriate or inappropriate useful or useless

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Declinism

A

Idea language is getting worse. Milroy labels it ‘complaint tradition’. Greene- argues that the idea language is getting worse is nonsense and argues literacy rates are increasing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Sticklerism

A

Greene. Believes there are certain people who take pleasure in correcting and criticising others language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Language change from above

A

When language change is enforced eg by the government

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Changes from below

A

Language changes comes from people.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Class survey 1

A

1/4 middle class, 3/4 working class. Even though people identified as middle class they used informal and standard English.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Class survey 2

A

Majority agreed middle class had posher accents, over half agreed swearing was more common in the working class. All believed that region is more important to language change. Only 1% believed slang never defined class

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Class survey 3

A

Over 3/4 feel conscious of their language when speaking to upper class, 60% felt they converged when speaking to upper class.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Social networking theory

A

Milroy 1987, web of ties, density is how many connections you have with people. High density means lots of connections.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where are dense networks most likely found

A

Small communities as there are a lot of connections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where are loose connections found?

A

Larger communities as they have lots of different ties with lots of different people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is a uniplex relationship?

A

Only know people in 1 way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is a multiplex relationship?

A

Know each other in multiple ways eg play football with them, go to college with them etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

High density score equals

A

Accents are strong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Low density score equals

A

Less strong accents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Does milroy believe there is links between class and accents?

A

No as unemployed had weaker accents due to low density scores and those outside of communities had low density scores also

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Informalisation

A

Idea that language is becoming more informal in society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Globalisation

A

The idea that the world is getting linguistically smaller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Reflectionism

A

Idea language reflects the needs views and usages of its users

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Prescriptivism

A

Idea language should contain a set of rules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Descriptivism

A

Idea that language shouldn’t be confined to a set of rules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is labovs study called?

A

The social stratification of New York City

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

When was Labovs study?

A

1966

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What did Labovs study find?

A

The pronunciation of the postvocalic r had a direct link between class and accent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

When was Trudgille’s study?

A

1970s

43
Q

Where was Trudgilles study?

A

Norwich

44
Q

What did Trudgilles study find?

A

The use of the velonasal g had a direct link to between class and accent

45
Q

What is the study called where they studied the number of words parents spoke to their children?

A

Meaningful differences in the everyday experience of young American children

46
Q

What did the meaningful differences in the everyday experience of young American children find?

A

By the age of 4; middle class 50m words addressed to it, working class 30m, welfare child 12m. Middle class- 700,000 encourages and 80,000 discouragement by the age of 3 with the welfare child only receiving 60,000 encouragements and double the discouragements in its life

47
Q

What does the American kids study show?

A

The educated are better at communicating with their children than the uneducated and found that their measures at the age of 3 predicted their language skill at 10

48
Q

What else does the American kids study show?

A

Interaction is important for language development

49
Q

Goddard

A

Jafaican, more English forms than Jamaican, to simplistic to say everyone is faking it

50
Q

Code mixing

A

Include words from another language and their own language

51
Q

Rampton 2010

A

MLE is perceived as cool, assertive, opposing authority

52
Q

Ethnolect

A

Language used dependant on ethnicity

53
Q

Pidgin and creole

A

Forms of language usually for trade, seen as non standard

54
Q

Resistance identity

A

Against mainstream, use pidgin and creole and MLE

55
Q

Super standard forms

A

Distance from creoles, overt prestige

56
Q

MLE

A

Multicultural london english

57
Q

Examples of MLE

A

Non standard diphthongs eg fes for fake, plural eg dem, use man as a pronoun, tag questions innit

58
Q

Nationality

A

Where you’re from

59
Q

Ethnicity

A

Heritage

60
Q

Ethnicity/ethnic

A

Replace race due to stereotypes, become a marked term ethnic=Non white

61
Q

Theories for MLE

A

Language reflects its users, sensitive, political correctness, self identity, connect with other ethnicity, immigration happened forever, settle in big cities, Jamaican recruited for work

62
Q

Continium

A

Creole that becomes a language

63
Q

Acrolect

A

Modify standard form of language

64
Q

Basolect

A

Uses more of the second language

65
Q

Mesolect

A

Mix of both languages

66
Q

Rhotic accents

A

Pronounce ‘r’ seen as non standard in English but standard in American

67
Q

Non rhotic accents

A

Don’t pronounce ‘r’, Estuary English, mix of RP and south east accent, overtook RP in media, glottal stops, L vocalisation and tag questions eg didn’t I

68
Q

Code switching

A

Switch between 2 different languages or dialects

69
Q

Bradford 2014

A

Punjabi mixed with English to create identity or taboo

70
Q

Kerswill

A

Social mobility, geographical and social class break up, education, mixing, online, dialect levelling, standardisation, some regional forms still surviving, multiple negation, use of ‘s’ at the end of present tense verbs

71
Q

Giles

A

RP= converge up, regional accent= converge down, movement from rural to sub urbs, reality shows

72
Q

Freeborn

A

Varieties of English book, outlines prescriptivists views, incorrectness, ugliness, impreciseness- some accents are lazy, Aitchison says not lazy as slang is harder to say

73
Q

Heteronormativity

A

Set of norms for straight people

74
Q

Sweden’s pronoun

A

‘hen’ for non binary

75
Q

Marsch

A

We should use they

76
Q

Marked terms

A

Policeman now police officer

77
Q

Patronym

A

Take husbands name

78
Q

Trudgill

A

Norwich study, use of velonasal G determines class

79
Q

Labov

A

New York study use of postvocalic r is relative to class

80
Q

Lakoff

A

Language and a woman’s place, defecit model, hedging= avoid directness, tag questions = indecisive

81
Q

Zimmerman and west

A

Dominance approach, 96% interruptions by men, most however by one man, old 1975, interruptions aren’t dominance may be feedback

82
Q

Holmes

A

Tag questions are sign of politeness

83
Q

Tannen

A

Status vs support, conflict vs compromise

84
Q

O’Barr and Atkins

A

Powerless language occurs anywhere there is inequality, research done in court

85
Q

Swales

A

Discourse communities

86
Q

Trudgill on RP

A

viewed as less friendly

87
Q

Accommodation theory

A

Giles, convergence/divergence

88
Q

Trudgill Norwich

A

Velar nasal g relates to class upper class don’t pronounce g

89
Q

Milroy social mobility

A

Web of ties, 1987, high density= stronger accent, multiplex and uniplex relationships, accent not related to class

90
Q

Eckert

A

Jocks and burnouts, burnouts= exaggerated accent, urban accent, jocks= overt prestige, american

91
Q

Bernstein

A

Middle class use elaborate code, working class children commented on upon what was there, middle class spoke like the researcher wasn’t there

92
Q

Discourses

A

Eg positive discourse of expansion

93
Q

Crystal quotes

A

Language acquisition cannot be separated from culture acquisition, countries that adopt English gradually make it there own this has happened forever, it only takes weeks for a new English to grow

94
Q

S curve

A

Aitchison, language is slow to evolve then rapid usage increase then plateaus

95
Q

Prescriptivists

A

Plain English campaign, political correctness

96
Q

Mackinon

A

Ways language is judged eg ugly or pleasant, incorrect or correct

97
Q

Declinism

A

Language is in decline, milroy labels this complaint tradition, greene argues it isn’t as literary rates are increasing

98
Q

Wilson 1553

A

Borrowing words from other countries is pretentious, prescriptivist has existed for 500 years

99
Q

Sticklerism

A

Greene, people take pleasure in criticising others

100
Q

Change from above

A

Eg plain English campaign, change from below

101
Q

Doctors register

A

Latinate, ECG, opaque to outsiders

102
Q

Hierarchies

A

Miss, sir in school/ work

103
Q

Phatic tokens

A

Self orientated tokens eg my feet are killing me, other orientated eg do you work here?, neutral tokens eg cold isn’t it?, all relate to status

English Language (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions