Language and Thought

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

The mental process involved in acquiring knowledge

Question 2

Language

Answer 2

Symbols that convey meaning plus rules for combining those symbols, that can be used to generate an infinite variety of messages.

Question 3

Properties of Language

Answer 3

1. Symbolic (representative of something)
2. Semantic (meaningful)
3. Generative (combine phonemes in unique ways)
4. Structured (rules to language)

Question 4

Phoneme

Answer 4

Basic sounds that make up language. Smallest denominators. About 100 exist, 40 are used in English.

Question 5

Morpheme

Answer 5

Smallest units of meaning

Question 6

Semantics

Answer 6

The area of language concerned with understanding the meaning of words and word combinations

Question 7

Connotation

Answer 7

A word’s emotional overtone and context usage

Question 8

Denotation

Answer 8

A word’s dictionary definition

Question 9

Syntax

Answer 9

A language’s usage rules

Question 10

Fast Mapping

Answer 10

Understanding the word and it’s underpinning after exposure to it just once

Question 11

Overextentions

Answer 11

When a child incorrectly uses a words to describe a wider set of objects or actions

Question 12

Underextentions

Answer 12

When a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a narrower set of objects or actions than it is meant to.

Question 13

Telegraphic Speech

Answer 13

Consists mainly of content words. Articles, prepositions and other less critical words are omitted.

Question 14

Overregularizations

Answer 14

Occur when grammatical rules are incorrectly generalized to irregular cases where they do not apply

Question 15

Metalinguistic Awareness

Answer 15

the ability to reflect on the use of language

Question 16

Bilingualism

Answer 16

Using two languages that use different speech sounds, vocabulary and grammatical rules.

Question 17

3 factors of influence on Language acquisition

Answer 17

1. Age
2. Acculturation (immersion. e.g. learning french in Paris vs in Toronto)
3. Learner’s motivation and attitude towards the target group

Question 18

3 types of Problems

Answer 18

1. Problems of inducing structure
2. Problems of arrangement
3. Problems of transformation

Question 19

Barriers to Problem Solving

Answer 19

1. Irrelevant information
2. Functional Fixedness (stuck on item’s common use)
3. Mental Set (using strategies that worked in the past)
4. Unnecessary constraints

Question 20

Approaches to Problem Solving

Answer 20

1. Trial and Error
2. Algorithms
3. Heuristics
4. Subgoals
5. Working backwardsto
6. Searching for Analogies
7. Changing representation of the problem
8. Incubation (eliza voice take a break!)

Question 21

Availability heauristic

Answer 21

Faulty descision making due to drawing on experiences to calculate probability

Question 22

Representativeness heuristic

Answer 22

what we think is representative

Question 23

conjunction fallacy

Answer 23

odds of two unvertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone (rooted in representativeness heuristic)

Question 24

Behavioural Economics

Answer 24

field of study that examines the effects of human’ actual decision making processes over the idealized ones