language and thinking

Question 1

What are the smallest sound units in language called?

Answer 1

Phonemes

Question 2

What are the smallest meaning units in language?

Answer 2

Morphemes

Question 3

What is a lexicon?

Answer 3

List of words and acceptable structures

Question 4

What does syntax refer to in language?

Answer 4

Structural rules - proper order of words

Question 5

Define semantics in the context of language.

Answer 5

Literal meaning of words and phrases

Question 6

What is pragmatics?

Answer 6

Social context and style of communication

Question 7

What is the significance of social context in communication?

Answer 7

Common ground / understanding

Question 8

What does audience design refer to?

Answer 8

Info for friends and strangers

Question 9

What are the key rules of conversation?

Answer 9

• Taking turns
• Staying on topic
• Verbal pace

Question 10

What is language deprivation?

Answer 10

An extreme case of lack of language exposure

Question 11

Who was Genie in the context of language deprivation?

Answer 11

A girl who was horribly neglected and mistreated

Question 12

What did Genie learn about language?

Answer 12

Learned many word combinations but did not understand grammar

Question 13

What is essential for basic language exposure?

Answer 13

Infants and children observe and imitate adult language

Question 14

What is generativity in language development?

Answer 14

Children create novel word patterns not previously heard

Question 15

What is Noam Chomsky’s theory about language development?

Answer 15

Humans are biologically ‘pre-wired’ to learn language

Question 16

What does the language acquisition device (LAD) refer to?

Answer 16

Innate bio mechanism containing general grammatical rules

Question 17

What are sensitive periods in language acquisition?

Answer 17

Younger individuals learn language easier and more rapidly

Question 18

What areas of the brain are associated with speaking?

Answer 18

Broca’s area

Question 19

What is Wernicke’s area responsible for?

Answer 19

Organizing and understanding speech

Question 20

What is Broca’s aphasia characterized by?

Answer 20

Impaired spoken expression and comprehension of complex sentences

Question 21

What is Wernicke’s aphasia characterized by?

Answer 21

Speech organization deficits and comprehension deficits

Question 22

True or False: Bilingualism has been shown to improve cognitive flexibility.

Answer 22

True

Question 23

What is neuroplasticity?

Answer 23

Neural potential for learning that gradually declines

Question 24

What are the three interventions for very young babies in language development?

Answer 24

• 37-principle bilingual training
• Music in social environment
• Parent coaching

Question 25

What is the chameleon effect?

Answer 25

Interpersonal mimicry in social interactions

Question 26

Define reasoning in the context of cognitive processes.

Answer 26

Drawing conclusions or inferences from observations, facts, or assumptions

Question 27

What is formal algorithmic reasoning?

Answer 27

A problem-solving strategy guaranteed to produce a solution

Question 28

What is the difference between deductive reasoning and trial & error?

Answer 28

Deductive reasoning is valid logic with true premises; trial & error is a less systematic approach

Question 29

What is a heuristic?

Answer 29

Mental shortcuts that reduce complex problem solving into simpler processes

Question 30

What does the rule of thumb heuristic involve?

Answer 30

An approach that you believe often works for a given type of problem

Question 31

What is subgoal analysis heuristic?

Answer 31

Breaking down complex tasks into more manageable subtasks

Question 32

What is the confirmation bias?

Answer 32

Looking for or paying attention to only information that confirms one's beliefs

Question 33

What is cognitive dissonance?

Answer 33

A state of tension due to two competing psychological responses

Question 34

What are the two systems in the dual process model of decision making?

Answer 34

* System 1: automatic response * System 2: effortful response

Question 35

What does hindsight bias refer to?

Answer 35

Overestimating one's ability to have predicted an event after the outcome is known

Question 36

What is the benefit of bias in decision making?

Answer 36

Can provide a quick response but may lead to non-optimal decisions

Question 37

What is the scientific method?

Answer 37

A systematic approach to reducing bias and testing generalizability