Language And Occupation, Social Groups

Question 1

Asymmetrical relationships

Answer 1

Non-reciprocal address forms

Question 2

Acronyms

Answer 2

A word formed from the initial letters of other words

Question 3

Codes

Answer 3

Restrictive vocabulary

Question 4

Constraints

Answer 4

(Formulation) how powerful participants expert their authority in conversation

Question 5

Declaratives

Answer 5

A sentence that makes a statement

Question 6

Imperatives

Answer 6

(Often disguised as declaratives)

Question 7

Euphemism

Answer 7

A mild or indirect expression used instead of one that is considered offensive

Question 8

Convergence

Answer 8

When the speech styles of two or more people move closer to one another

Question 9

Divergence

Answer 9

When the speech styles of two or more people move away from one another

Question 10

Field-specific lexis

Answer 10

Vocabulary associated with a particular topic or field

Question 11

Hypernym/ hyponym

Answer 11

A hypernym is a general word linked in meaning to more specific words (hyponym)

Question 12

Modal verbs

Answer 12

You may wish to consider

Question 13

Phatic talk

Answer 13

Socially oriented talk/ small talk

Question 14

Topic management

Answer 14

The way in which the subject of an interaction is or isn’t controlled

Question 15

Initiation response feedback

Answer 15

Basic turn-taking structure

Question 16

Instrumental power

Answer 16

Power linked with institutions and the law

Question 17

Influential power

Answer 17

Power linked with persuasion and social influence

Question 18

Jargon

Answer 18

Language not used by a non-specialist

Question 19

Management speak

Answer 19

Mocking term given to the way in which business people speak

Question 20

Legalese

Answer 20

Legal register linked with the domain of law

Question 21

Restricted codes

Answer 21

Many occupations have lexis that is restricted and only used in specific contexts

Question 22

Occupational register

Answer 22

The technical vocabulary linked with a particular profession or domain

Question 23

What did Almut Koester study?

Answer 23

He studied phatic talk (personal or social talk that builds bonds between workers). He states that workers needed to be able to establish inter-personal relationships with each-other and have interactions that were not solely based on work-related procedures.

Question 24

What theory did Howard Giles create?

Answer 24

The accommodation theory: convergence and divergence

Question 25

What did Hornyak study and when?

Answer 25

In 1994 he found out that the shift from work talk to personal talk is always initiated by the highest-ranking person in the room.

Question 26

What did Herbert and Straight study and when?

Answer 26

In 1989 they found out that compliments tended to flow from those of higher rank to those of lower rank