Language and Gender Flashcards

1
Q

Whats a Larynx?

A

The part of speech that determines pitch

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2
Q

Whats biologically different between men and women in pitch?

A

Men have larger larynx = lower pitch

Women have smaller larynx = higher pitch

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3
Q

What are linguistic advantages for women?

A

Less likely to stutter
Less likely to acquire aphasias (speech disorders)
Less likely to have reading disabilities

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4
Q

Difference between the way women and men use variants in society:

A
  • Women prefer more socially favoured variants
  • Men often use socially disfavoured variants.

(remember Trudgill with the [-n] verb ending.

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5
Q

Why do women use social standard forms more than men?

A
  • The position of women in UK and American societies makes it more necessary for them to secure social status linguistically.
  • Women are usually rated socially on how they appear, so speech is more important for them.
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6
Q

Politeness mechanisms:

A
  • Minimal responses (mhmm)
  • Turn-taking
  • Interruptions
  • Hedging
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7
Q

Sexuality and gender linked:

A

Language is used amongst different groups of sexualities:

  • To indicate membership
  • To create differences from other groups
  • To show an identity often hard fought for
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8
Q

Examples of change from above?

A

The adoption of the post-vocalic /r/ in NYC, dropping it was the norm until the change was made from above.

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9
Q

Examples of change from below?

A

Vowel fronting in speakers in Philadelphia.

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10
Q

What is the European Feudal System:

A
  • Where land owners gained social prestige
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11
Q

Minimal responses:

A

Very brief, supportive comments from the receiver of an interaction.

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12
Q

Gender stratification:

A

Where there is a patriarchy in society in which women and men are unequal in regards to social wealth, power and privilege.

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13
Q

What does it mean for men to “lead the way” ?

A

Historically, women have conformed to the language changes that are made by men.

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14
Q

Labov’s principles on Gender

A
  • Principle l: in sociolinguistic stratification, men use more nonstandard forms than women.
  • Princple la: In change from above, women favour the incoming prestige.
    Principle ll: In change from below, women are most often innovators.
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15
Q

Zimmerman and West of minimal responses:

A

For men, minimal responses are an act of agreement, rather than active participation.

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16
Q

Zimmerman and West on interrupting

A

On a case study they found that men interrupted 46 times whereas a woman only interrupted twice.

17
Q

Holmes on language and gender:

A

Women use more standard speech forms than men because they are more aware of the fact that their language signals their social class or social status.