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Behavior Neuro Module > Language and Aphasias > Flashcards

Language and Aphasias Flashcards

1
Q

What are the levels of the structure of language?

There are 6

A
  1. Phonetics: speech sounds
  2. Phonology: phonemes
  3. Morphology: words
  4. Grammar/Syntax: phrases and sentences
  5. Semantics: meaning
  6. Pragmatics: context
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2
Q

What 5 things is the left hemisphere dominant for?

A
  1. language comprehensions
  2. language expression
  3. lexicon
  4. phonetic assembly
  5. phonetic procession
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3
Q

What 2 things is the right hemisphere dominant for?

A
  1. Communicative and emotional prosody (stress, timing, intonation)
  2. Pragmatics of language (construction of sentences, understanding jokes/sarcasm)
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4
Q

What is the route for language processing of incoming spoken word?

A

Auditory signal - auditory pathway- Wernicke’s area- evocation of word’s meaning in brain areas near Wernicke’s area

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5
Q

What is the language processing of outgoing spoken word?

A

nonverbal meanings- acoustic image in Wernicke’s area- arcuate fasciculus- Broca’s area-motor complex

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6
Q

Language Processing for Reading?

A

Input from visual cortices- Wernicke’s area- evocation of word’s meaning in brain areas near Wernicke’s area

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7
Q

Language Processing for Writing?

A

nonverbal meanings- conversion to a motor/visual image in Wernicke’s area (and angular gyrus)- arcuate fasciculus- Broca’s area- premotor area above Broca’s area

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8
Q

What 5 things are you examining in an Aphasia Examination?

A
  1. Comprehension-written/spoken
  2. Naming
  3. Repetition
  4. Expressive Speech
  5. Writing
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9
Q

If you have an anterior aphasia do you have a sensory or motor defecit? What about posterior

A

Anterior- Motor-Broca

Posterior-Sensory-Wernicke

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10
Q 
What do you see in Wernicke's Aphasia
Damage to what part of the brain?
1. Is pronunciation/speech rhythm normal?
2. How is speech content?
3. How is repetition of speech
4. Comprehension of spoken language
5. Comprehension of written language?
6. Writing?
7. Naming?
8. Other
A

Posterior Sector of left auditory association cortex (posterior portion of the superior temporal sulcus, Broadman’s area 22)

  1. Yes, loquacious
  2. Use of wrong or non existent words
  3. abnormal
  4. Very abnormal
  5. Abnormal, but better than spoken
  6. Penmanship ok, but misspelling and inaccuracies
  7. abnormal (paraphasias) “I drove home to my lar”
  8. No motor symptoms Sometimes hemianiopia
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11
Q 
Broca's Aphasia
Damage to what part of the brain?
1. Pronunciation?
2. Content?
3. Repetition
4. Comprehension of spoken
5. Comprehension of written?
6. Writing?
7. Naming
8. Other
A

Inferior frontal cortex (Broadmann’s areas 44 &45)

  1. Dysarthria, stuttering, effortful
  2. Missed syllables, agrammatical, telegrpahic
  3. abnormal, but better than spontaneous
  4. normal
  5. Not as good as for spoken
  6. Clumsy, agrammatical, misspelling
  7. Better than spontaneous speech
  8. Hemiplegia, Apraxia (HAVE MOTOR SYMPTOMS)
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12
Q 
Conduction Aphasia
Damage to what area?
1. Speech Rhythm? 
2. Speech content?
3. Repetition
4. Comprehension of spoken
5. Comprehension of written
6. Writing
7. Naming
8. Other
A

Arcuate Fasiculus (white matter tract connecting Broca’s and Wernicke’s)

  1. Normal
  2. Some words wrong
  3. Abnormal
  4. Slightly abnormal, difficulty with complex syntax
  5. Often normal
  6. Occasional spelling and language errors
  7. Occasional wrong names
  8. Slight hemiparesis, neglect of right-sided stimuli
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13
Q 
Gerstmann Syndrome
Where is the deficit?
What is the biggest problem?
1. Pronunciation
2. Speech Content
3. Repetition
4. Comprehension of spoken
5. Comprehension of written
6. Writing
7. Naming
8. Other
A 
Angular Gyrus-Broadmann Area 39
They can't READ
1. Normal
2. Normal
3. Normal
4. Normal
5. Very abnormal
6. Very abnormal
7. Often abnormal
8. Slight hemiparesis, hemianopsia
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14
Q 
Global Aphasia
Damage?
1. Pronunciation, speech rhythm
2. Speech content
3. Repetition
4. Comprehension of spoken
5. Comprehension of written
6. Writing
7. Naming
8. Other
A

Combination of Broca’s, Wernicke’s, and conduction Aphasia

  1. Very abnormal
  2. Very abnormal
  3. Very abnormal
  4. Very abnormal
  5. Very abnormal
  6. Very abnormal
  7. Very abnormal
  8. Hemiplegia, Hemiparesis
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15
Q 
What is a Transcortical Sensory Aphasia?
Damage to?
1. Pronunciation?
2. Speech Content?
3. Repetition
4. Comprehension of spoken 
5. Comprehension of written
6. Writing
7. Naming
8. Other
A

Occipito-temporal-parietal watershed zones between MCA and PCA

  1. Fluent
  2. Abnormal, paraphasic, circumlocutory
  3. Normal
  4. Abnormal
  5. , but not as severe as Wernicke’s
  6. Very abnormal
  7. Very abnormal
  8. Very abnormal
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16
Q 
Transcortical Motor Aphasia
How do you differentiate this from Broca's?
1. Pronunciation/Speech rhythm
2. Speech content
3. Repetition of speech
4. Comprehension of speech language
5. Comprehension of written language
6. Writing
7. Naming
8. Other
A

Differentiate it from Broca’s because repetition is NORMAL

Damage to frontal watershed zone between MCA and ACA

  1. nonfluent, dysarthric
  2. Agrammatical
  3. normal
  4. Normal but some difficulty with multistep commands
  5. normal
  6. abnormal
  7. abnormal but improves with clues
  8. Hemiplegia, Apraxia
17
Q

What is Alexia?
What is it caused by?
Vision is? Language is?

If there is damage to the left visual cortices, the patient can do what? and cannot do what?

What else is damaged to not read on either right or left?

A
  • Acquired reading deficit
  • Disconnection between visual and language system
  • bilateral, lateralized
  • Can form from disruptions in transfer of visual info to left hemisphere language regions

Can: read words presented in the left visual field, but not in the right

Anything in the transcallosal pathway, such as splenium

18
Q

What is Dyslexia?
What percentage of the population?

Possible causes?

Where are the abnormalities?

A

Specific Learning Disorder

Difficulty in reading and spelling (despite normal eyesight and hearing, adequate education and normal IQ)

10-30%

Have not developed phonological awareness- the ability to attend to individual sounds and associate them with letters

ventral (word identification) and dorsal (orthographic-to-phonetic) visual-auditory pathways

Behavior Neuro Module (21 decks)

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