Language Flashcards
A proficient user of language has a knowledge of what four things?
- Phonology
- Semantics
- Syntax
- Pragmatics
What is phonology?
Understanding of sound systems and how to combine them to make meaningful speech. E.g. st and sk used; sb and sd not
What is semantics?
Think seMEANtics- The meaning of words and sentences
What is syntax?
Form and structure of a language. E.g. John hit Jim, Jim hit John, Jim John hit
What is pragmatics?
Rules about language in social context – what to say and how to say it
What are the stages of acquisition?
Prelinguistic period, appreciation of meaning, telegraphic speech and beginnings of adult speech
What is the prelinguistic period?
0-12 months
- 3 forms of vocalisation: crying (3-4 weeks), cooing (3-6 weeks +), babbling (3-4 months) – adding consonants, echolalia (sound repetition)
- Dialogue returned by caregivers
- Learn from others – turn taking, that words have meaning
What is appreciation of meaning/words as representation period?
8-12 months
- Associate object with its name
- Verbal labels – maybe points to assist
What is the telegraphic speech period?
18-24 months
- Combining simple words to give meaning (e.g. “more juice”)
- May overextend e.g. labels all men as “dad”
What is the beginning pf adult speech period?
2 years +
- Adding complexity = 2 years+
- Adding verbs
- Compound sentences - using “and” and “so”-Past tense – adding –ed
- Logical errors e.g. “mouse gone away”
Years 3-5
- Interest in rhymes and songs
- Commentaries during play
- Pre-sleep monologues
- All show emergence of narrative – from actions to spoken stories, links to reading
What types of thinking are there?
- Propositional thought = verbal (that ‘voice in your head’)
* Imaginal thought = thinking in images
What are the theories of language acquisition?- Skinner
Skinner = language is learned through operant conditioning (learning through positive and negative reinforcement and punishment) as well as imitation
What are the theories of language acquisition?- Chomsky
Chomsky = language is innate, the brain is devoted to it and has structures that control interpretation and function of speech. There is universal grammar.
What are joint involvement episodes?
One on one conversations between adult and child. Helps them understand the timing of speech and adopts a helpful speech style.
What is motherese?
Essentially “baby talk” – adult talking to child in a higher pitched, slower voice
Communication in animals- how does it work?
Teaching human language-American sign language-Koko- gorilla taught sign language
-lexigrams – Kanzi, Panbanisha
• stimulus-response learning or true language?
-poor syntax (esp. word order)
-basic acquisition of linguistic skills- can’t get much further on than a child
How does deafness and the way you are brought up with deaf and non-deaf parents affect development?
Deaf children = with deaf parents they achieve similar milestones as hearing children - sign language is not an impoverished language. With hearing parents, they are at a disadvantage as they are encouraged to lip read – essentially learn a language denied to them.
What are the types of aphasia?
Expressive aphasia = damage to Broca’s area; can interpret language but cannot express it – language is halted, hesitant.
Receptive aphasia = damage to Wernicke’s area; can express language but cannot interpret words heard or seen. Speech is fluent and grammatically correct but makes no sense.
