Language

Question 1

Aphasia

Answer 1

Language deficit

Lesion in an area involved with language

Question 2

Hemisphere mainly involved in language =

Answer 2

Left

Question 3

Kanzi the bonobo

Answer 3

Savage-Rumbaugh (1986)
Pigmy chimp - learned to communicate with pictures.
But believed to be stimulus response pairing - no complex communication, only asking for food, water, etc. (conditioning).

Question 4

Auditory theory

Answer 4

Speech signal is compared against a stored repertoire of auditory representations (words).
Decipher the meaning of the auditory information from previous exposure to same sounds (top-down, use contextual info).

Question 5

Motor theory

Answer 5

Auditory signal is matched with own internal speech motor programme.

Question 6

Lateralisation definition

Answer 6

The function of the same area in the two hemispheres are different - specialisation of function in one side.
Prevents redundancy - wasting resources.

Question 7

Type of aphasia - Tan

Answer 7

Broca’s aphasia

Only able to say word TAN

Question 8

Wada procedure

Answer 8

Anaesthetic injected into carotid artery (sodium amobarbitol).
Enters cerebral cortex on ipsilateral side. Can test the effects on language (temporary) - see which side of brain is dominant in language.
Normally left in RH people, but can be on right in LH people or bilateral.

Question 9

Broca’s area

Answer 9

Anterior to wernicke’s area.
Involved in language production.
Lesions to Broca’s area produce deficits in speech production.
Frontal lobes.

Question 10

Wernicke’s area

Answer 10

Posterior to broca’s area.
Involved in language comprehension.
Lesions to Wernicke’s area cause incomprehensible speech.

Question 11

Auditory cortex

Answer 11

A1 - Heschl's gyrus. 
Tonotopcally organised (sensitive to temporal changes). 
Respond to speech sounds 
LH - comprehensible
RH - incomprehensible, melodical.

Question 12

Expressive aphasia

Answer 12

AKA Broca’s aphasia
Slow speech
Difficulty with speech
No function words, e.g. a, the, my.
Only content words, e.g. nouns, adjectives, verbs.
Some effect on comprehension (agrammatisation).
Aware of own deficit.

Question 13

Agrammatisation

What area is thought to be damaged in agrammatisation?

Answer 13

Difficulty using grammar structures.
Can have difficulties understanding ambiguous statements. e.g. the cat licked the dog.
Able to understand if meaning is clear
Damage to the inferior frontal lobes.

Question 14

Articulation

What area is thought to be damaged in articulation?

Answer 14

Difficulty in pronunciation of word, and sometimes changing the order of sounds in words.
Damage to the insula cortex.

Question 15

Anomia

What area is thought to be damaged in anomia?

Answer 15

Difficulty in finding the appropriate word to use - words are used inappropriately.
Damage to the inferior frontal lobes.

Question 16

Speech apraxia

Answer 16

Difficulty in speech motor production. Often involving damage to the inferior frontal lobes.

Question 17

Wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 17

Problem with comprehension of words and production of content words.
Normal speech flow
Contains function words, e.g. a, the, my.
Poor comprehension of speech.
Appear unaware of deficit.
Both transcortical sensory aphasia and word deafness.

Question 18

Word deafness

Answer 18

Inability to recognise speech sounds.
Deficit in perception/processing.
Not deaf, as can recognise other sounds, e.g. dog barking
suggesting that a very specific area of the brain is responsible for hearing speech, as opposed to other sound signals.
No deficit in comprehension of speech - understands lip reading, and communicated through writing.
Deficit in aud. input to W area.

Question 19

Transcortical sensory aphasia

Answer 19

Repeats spoken words, can hear.
Unable to understand heard or repeated words.
Unable to produce own meaningful speech.
Still have auditory input to W area, can still recognise speech sounds.

Question 20

Type of aphasia that suggests that there is direct link between Broca’s and Wernicke’s ares.

Answer 20

Transcorical sensory aphasia (TSA).

Able to recognise speech sounds but unable to comprehend them.

Question 21

Area linking Broca’s —> Wernicke’s areas.

Answer 21

Post language area

Lesion to Post lang area = loss of meaning and production of speech.

Question 22

Area linking Wernicke’s —> Broca’s area.

Answer 22

Arcuate fasciculus.

Conveys sounds of words but not their meaning.

Question 23

Conduction aphasia

Answer 23

Damage to arcuate fasciculus.
Cannot repeat words that they do not recognise
W and A areas are still connected via posterior lang area. - must have meaning already stored.

Question 24

Ventral route

Answer 24

What pathway (auditory)

Question 25

Dorsal route

Answer 25

Where/how pathway (motor)

Parietal –> frontal lobes.

Question 26

Proposed homologue for Wernicke’s area in rodents

Answer 26

DF area

If damaged, unable to communicate via ultrasonic signalling (bonding).

Question 27

Side of brain in bilingual people involved in 1st language/2nd language

Answer 27

Right/Left (left more difficult language).

Question 28

In split-brain patients, which hemisphere will an image shown to the R visual field be processed in?

Answer 28

Left hemisphere

Question 29

In split-brain patients, which hemisphere will an image shown to the L visual field be processed in?

Answer 29

Right hemisphere

Question 30

If shown to left visual field, will be able to say/touch key?

Answer 30

Touch and say key

Question 31

If shown to right visual field, will be able to say/touch key?

Answer 31

Touch key only

Question 32

Which hemisphere controls writing?

Answer 32

Both - even if Left or right handed.

Question 33

Patient JW

Answer 33

Split brain patient.

Unable to integrate compound words, e.g. head-stone. Does not provide the emergent word.

Question 34

Hemisphere more involved in visual memory?

What test can we use to test this?

Answer 34

Right hemisphere

Corpus callostomy, eg JW, LH mistakenly identifies more within-scene distractors as seen than the RH.

Question 35

Location of possible neural audio dictionary =

Answer 35

Wernicke’s area

Recognition of speech sounds - known or not known?