LANGUAGE Flashcards
Grammar
structures and systems that make up a language
Eight parts of speech that define grammar?
nouns, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives, conjunctions, prepositions, interjections
Syntax
study of how words are combined to create sentences
Mechanics
describes those rules that govern english: punctuation, capitlaization
nouns
people, place, thing
Pronouns
she/her/hers etc
possesive pronoun
indicate possesion (mine)
Reflexive/Intensive pronouns
“I made the dessert myself”
Relative pronouns
begin dependent clauses “who, whch, whose, whom, which”
Verbs
express action
Helping Verbs
indicate tense
verb tense : simple, continuos, perfect, perfect continuous.
simple (occuring once), continous (ongoing), perfect & perfect continous (occuring in relation to other actions)
infinitive
verb that has not been congugated
conjugation
changing spelling of verb tense/helping verb
Prepositions
Set up relationships in time/space
Prepositional Phrase
“I ran over the river and through the woods”
Conjunctions
Joins words into phrases and three types coordinating, correlative, and subordinating
Coordinating conjuctions
FANBOYS : For, As, Nor, But, Or , Yet, So
Subordinating conjucntions
join dependent clauses that cant stand on their own as sentences ex: because, as, as if, as though, after, as soon as
Interjections
wow! yikes! hey,
Syntax
phrases and clauses are made of subject predicate or both.
subject
what sentence is about
predicate
describe what the subject is doing
phrase
group of words that communicates an incomplete idea and lacks either subject or predicate or both
clauses
contain subject and predicate
independent clauses
can stand alone as a sentence “She ate her dog”
dependent clauses
cannot stand alone as sentence “because she ate her dog”
Types of clauses
Simple (1 independent), Compound
(2 independent), Complex (1 independent, 1 or more dependent), Compound complex (2 or more independent, 1 or more dependent)
fragment
when subject and verb needed
comma splice
incorrect error when comma seperates two independent clauses
run on sentences
two independent clauses joined without punctuation
colon
use for lists, defintion, clarification
semicolon
joins two independent clauses to reveal relationship (IC;IC)
Quotes format
“jffjfnjnfkenf,”().
Apóstrofe rule
boy’s - belonging
boys’ - mulyiple
boys’s - belonging to multiple
Phonics
relating sound to with certain group of letters (letter-sound correspondence)
Phonemes
basic units of sound and the basic units of language
phonics instruction draws on the strategy of _________________ or the ability to pronunce the sounds of written words orally and understand their meaning.
decoding
systematic phonics instrcution
most unviersal method for phonic instruction
sight words
require no decoding
human brain uses 3 cueing systems to determine the meaning of words:
semantic, syntactic, graphophonic
Semantic cues
offers prompts to a words meaning and are drawn from background knowledge and context clues
Homographs
words that are spelled the same but different meaning (desert, dessert)
Homonyms
Sound the same mean different
Syntatic cues
Based on the structure of language and brains second most efficient cueing system
Graphophonic cues
applying sounds and symbol knowledge from word
Many educators use whole language instruction which does not use any cueing smaller than the word level
true
Roots
building blocks of all words
Prefixes
elements added to begining of word
Suffixes
elements added to end of word
Affixes
prefixes and suffixes make
Vocabulary is developed in two ways:
incidental vocabulary learning: occurs while reading or independtly
intentional vocabulary learning : outright instruction guided like a Predict-O-Gram or Semantic Impressions, Frayer Model,OPIN, List group label
Thesaures
for synonyms for words
disctionary
defintion of words
glossary
list of terms and defintions at end of text
index
chapters and outline in front of book
Sociolinguistics
study of langugae and its implications to society and culture
Communicative Comeptence involves:
Linguistic, Sociolinguistic, discourse, strategic,
Linguistic Competence
knowledge of syntax and semantics
Sociolinguistic Competence
social aproprateness of language
Discourse Competence
knowledge of how to construct maller pieces of languge
Strategic Competence
able to recognize and repair instances of communciation breakdown
