Language Flashcards

Question

How can context influence a word?

Answer 1

Low level sensory inputs: hearing or seeing the word High level contextual inputs: sentence or phrase the word is found in Debate over how much high level information can influence low level perception. Modular models argue that information is bottom up whereas Interactive models argue all levels an influence word recognition

Answer 2

Lexical decision task Participants faster to respond to target words which were related to the context of the previous sentence, even if the exact word was missing

Answer 3

The brain stores individual words but not entire sentences as that's impractical Syntactic parsing helps us understand what is happening in a sentence Large brain responses when syntactic or semantic information is unexpected or inconsistent

Answer 4

1 and a half years to 2 years Two word sentences combining a noun and a verb or adjective and noun

Answer 5

4-5 years Full sentences with conventional grammar, through less complex structure

Answer 6

3-5 months Sound patterns of own language in babbling precedes onset of first words Reduplicative- repeated syllables e.g. ba ba ba Variegated- mix of syllables e.g. ba da ca Tunes the speech system Deaf infants babble suggested it's innate

Answer 7

10-14 months Tend to learn words of things which are interacted with e.g. teddy, blanket Fast mapping- quick learning of new content words Over extension- applying word to wider range than appropriate Under extension- applying word to narrow range than appropriate

Answer 8

18-20 months Expanding words from there applying rules to new items Object nouns, noun phrases, verbs, articles, prepositional phrases, complex sentences Most frequently used verbs are irregular e.g. threw/throw buy/bought Children initially use irregular verbs correctly because they are used more Once they learn paste tense, they use irregular verbs everywhere. e.g. she hitted me not she hit me

Answer 9

Children make hypotheses about grammatical rules Hearing speech tests hypothesis Language acquisition device guides hypothesis Brain is hard wired to learn language, no reinforcement needed Limited to the critical period

Answer 10

Reinforcement of sounds made by children results in recognisable words Learning is via imitation and conditioning Trial and error process

Answer 11

Aspects of development must happen within a certain time frame The critical period is when the brain is most response to input Must be exposed to language from 2 years old to puberty More modern views suggest it can be even earlier before birth The period ends when neurochemistry prevents further structural change

Answer 12

Speech production Supplementary motor cortex Insula Cerebellum Thalamus Basal ganglia Sensorimotor cortex (mouth area) Inferior temporal gyrus (Broca's area)

Answer 13

Impairment of speech production Omission of most pronouns, conjunctions, tense, verbs and numbering endings Language comprehension is good Difficulty understanding some of the words they omit Patients are aware of their condition and are responsive in therapy Can understand some but not all aspects of grammar

Answer 14

Speech comprehension Posterior superior temporal gyrus Middle temporal gyrus Middle superior temporal gyrus Inferior temporal gyrus Angular gyrus Temporal pole Wernicke's area Heschl's gyrus (primary auditory cortex, auditory association cortex)

Answer 15

Impaired language comprehension for both written and spoken language Inability to remember names of objects Person still speaks smoothly Grammar is impaired Content lacks meaning and cohesion Ability to find words is impaired Recognition of items isn't impaired Articular speech with pauses to find the right word Lack of self awareness because of difficulties with comprehension. Frustration, unresponsiveness to treatment

Answer 16

Written word processing occurs in the occipitotemporal regions in the left hemisphere Anterior cingulate gyrus Precuneus Angular gyrus Anterior fusiform gyrus Left posterior midfusiform gyrus

Answer 17

Linked to reading but there's debate over this Links to temporal and frontoparietal regions in the brain Temporal links to predict language abilities Frontoparietal links to predict visuo-spatial attention abilities

Answer 18

Patient had only been able to speak a single word 'tan' Brain lesion in the posterior inferior temporal gyrus (now referred to as Broca's area)

Answer 19

Damage in posterior region of the superior temporal gyrus Damage to this area itself doesn't cause the impairment, but damage to the surrounding tissue/swelling does