Brain and Nervous System

Question 1

What are efferent motor neurons and afferent motor neurons?

Answer 1

Efferent: carry impulses away from CNS to muscles/glands
Afferent: carry impulses to CNS from sense organs

Question 2

What are the directions of the body?

Answer 2

Ventral/Anterior- front of body
Posterior/Dorsal- back of body
Cephallic- where the brain is
Caudal- where the hip is
Medial- inside (middle)
Lateral- outside of the middle
Distel- bottom of limb
Proximal- top of limb
Superior- top of body
Inferior- bottom of body

Question 3

What are the directions of our brain?

Answer 3

Anterior Rostral (front of brain)
Inferior (bottom bit of brain)
Posterior Caudal (back of brain)
Superior (top of brain)

Question 4

What are the types of perspectives we can view our brains at?

Answer 4

Coronal: front view of brain
Mid Sagittal (or medial): side view of brain, if the side of the brain isn’t directly in the middle it’s called lateral sagittal
Axial: view of top of the brain

Question 5

What is right and left lateral?

Answer 5

Left lateral is the left hemisphere, we can tell because the cerebellum is on the right hand side and the eyes are on the left
Right lateral is the right hemisphere, cerebellum is on the left side

Question 6

What are the types of neuroanatomy?

Answer 6

Gross and microscopic anatomy

Question 7

What is the CNS and PNS?

Answer 7

Central Nervous System: brain and spine
Peripheral Nervous System: all the nerves other than spine and brain. Divided into Somatic nervous system and Autonomic nervous system

Question 8

What are the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Nervous systems?

Answer 8

Parasympathetic: rest and digest - calm down
Sympathetic: fight or flight - prepare for action

Question 9

What is the amygdala and where is it?

Answer 9

Important for emotion
Hippocampus involves memory processes
Next to hippocampus which is why emotional memories are recalled better

Question 10

What is contralateral representation?

Answer 10

What we see with our left eye is processed in the right hemisphere, use our right side of the body, ordered by the left hemisphere

Question 11

What is grey and white matter?

Answer 11

White matter: mostly axons (which connects nerve cells so they can communicate)
Grey matter: contains majority of nerve cells

Question 12

What is the central sulcus?

Answer 12

separates the parietal and frontal lobe

Question 13

What is the sylvian fissure?

Answer 13

also known as lateral fissure
separates the temporal and frontal lobe

Question 14

What is the parieto-occipital sulcus?

Answer 14

separates parietal and occipital lobe

Question 15

What is the temporal occipital sulcus?

Answer 15

separates temporal and occipital lobe

Question 16

What is the cerebrum?

Answer 16

Cerebral cortex, outer layer of our brain
The cortex is grey matter

Question 17

what is the cerebellum?

Answer 17

connects spine and brain
under the temporal/occipital lobes

Question 18

Where is the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe and occipital lobe located?

Answer 18

Frontal: front of brain
Parietal: top of brain
Occipital: back of brain
Temporal: bottom of brain

Question 19

Where is the superior frontal gyrus located?

Answer 19

frontal lobe

Question 20

Where is the inferior temporal gyrus located?

Answer 20

temporal lobe

Question 21

What is the precentral gyrus?

Answer 21

Where the motor cortex is located
Controls every muscle in the body
Other side of the central sulcus in the frontal lobe
Betz cells: largest cells in the brain

Question 22

What is the postcentral gyrus?

Answer 22

Where the somatosensory cortex is
Feel every sensation
Other side of the central sulcus in the parietal lobe

Question 23

What is a sulci and gyrus?

Answer 23

Sulcus: dips/fissures in the brain
A fissure is a deep sulci
Sulci is one sulcus
A gyrus is the bump after the dip

Question 24

Where is the supramarginal gyrus?

Answer 24

Above the lateral fissure

Question 25

What is an interhemispheric fissure?

Answer 25

fissure between hemispheres

Question 26

What is the corpus callosum?

Answer 26

Where hemispheres are connected, they communicate via the corpus callosum

Question 27

What is a microcircuit?

Answer 27

Localized interconnected neurons Can be used to process sensory information and to generate movement

Question 28

What are short and long projection neurons?

Answer 28

Some axons have short projects while some are larger and originate in one region of the brain and project to another Axons from neurons reach these distant targets by descending into the white matter and then enter another region of the spinal cord or cortex An example is the ganglion cells

Question 29

What are neural circuits?

Answer 29

Macrocircuit: Multiple embedded microcircuits Long distance connections between various brain regions Integrates information from all the microcircuits

Question 30

What are commissures?

Answer 30

Axons project from one cerebral hemisphere to the other in bundles Corpus callosum is the largest commissure

Question 31

What are the layers of the brain? Where is the CSF, what is it for?

Answer 31

The menings: outer membrane is made up of thick dura matter, the middle is made up of arachnoid matter, the inner layer is made up of pia matter. CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) the brain floats in this which offsets pressure and damage that would be present if the brain was just laid at the base of the skull. CSF is between the inner and middle layer in the arachnoid space. CSF also reduces shock to the brain or spinal cord e.g. rapid acceleration or falls

Question 32

What are the types of gyrus in the temporal lobe?

Answer 32

Superior temporal gyrus Middle temporal gyrus Inferior temporal gyrus

Question 33

What are the types of gyrus in the frontal lobe?

Answer 33

Superior frontal gyrus Middle frontal gyrus Inferior frontal gyrus

Question 34

Why do have folds in our brain?

Answer 34

Enable more cortical surface to be packed into the skull More folds means neurons that are located further away if the gyri was flattened, are now closer together

Question 35

Why is grey matter grey and white matter white in colour?

Answer 35

Cerebral cortex has many cell bodies which is why it appears grey- grey matter Underlying regions appear pale or white because of the lipid myelin sheath- white matter

Question 36

What is the insula?

Answer 36

Hidden in the sylvian fissure, between the temporal and frontal lobe, folded cortex which is divided into the larger anterior insula and smaller posterior insula

Question 37

What is the premotor cortex and the supplementary cortex?

Answer 37

In the motor cortex Premotor: motor control Supplementary: planning and sequencing of movement

Question 38

What is the primary and secondary somatosensory cortex?

Answer 38

In the somatosensory cortex Primary somatosensory: from the thalamus, inputs travels here Secondary somatosensory: from primary to processes the sensory information

Question 39

Where is the cingulate sulcus and cingulate gyrus located?

Answer 39

Above the corpus callosum in the frontal lobe

Question 40

Where is the parahippocampus gyrus located?

Answer 40

Next to the hippocampus In the temporal lobe