LangSumm6 Flashcards
1
Q
initiative (noun) = initiative
[countable]
A
a plan of action, or a plan to solve a particular problem
This new initiative will hopefully solve our quality control problems.
initiate (verb)
2
Q
scope (noun) = scope
[uncountable]
A
the maximum limit of what is allowed or acceptable
What’s the scope of the project? How much financing will it require?
3
Q
vision (noun) = vision
[countable]
A
a mental picture of a possible situation
Karen has a very interesting vision of where the company could be in a few years.
envision (verb)
visionary (noun)
4
Q
be in charge (of something or someone) (verb phrase)
A
be in charge (of something or someone)
to be responsible for and in control of a situation or group of people
You should direct your question to Bob Smith. He’s in charge of the department.
5
Q
explore (verb) = explore
[used with or without an object]
A
to examine or discuss an idea, plan, or suggestion carefully to find out more about it
I’d like to explore some other options before we decide what to do.
exploration (noun)
6
Q
to receive official permission
We can’t begin construction until we get approval from the city.
A
get approval (verb phrase) = get approval
7
Q
head (verb) = head
[used with an object]
A
to lead an organization or group of people
She heads a team of ten graphic designers.
head (noun)
8
Q
persuade (verb) = persuade
[used with an object]
A
to use argument or discussion to convince someone to do or think something
Were you able to persuade the boss to give you a raise?
persuasion (noun)
persuasive (adjective)
9
Q
position (verb) = position
[used with an object]
A
(to design a product to appeal to a particular consumer group) to design or try to sell a product in a way that appeals to a particular consumer group
We’re positioning the new service to attract young couples with children.
position (noun)
positioning (noun)
10
Q
resist (verb) = resist
[used with or without an object]
A
to refuse to accept an idea, suggestion, or plan
I just don’t understand why some people always resist change.
resistance (noun)
resistant (adjective)
11
Q
frustrated (adjective) = frustrated
A
impatient and annoyed because you have no control over a situation and cannot accomplish what you want to
I was so frustrated! I tried to call him for three hours and couldn’t reach him.
frustrate (verb)
frustration (noun)
frustrating (adjective)
12
Q
sharp (adjective) = sharp
A
intelligent and quick to understand things
He’s a sharp guy. He always seems to know what’s going on.
sharpness (noun)
13
Q
Countable and Uncountable Nouns
Countable nouns can follow a or an in the singular.
A
Adding s or es makes them plural.
Uncountable nouns cannot follow a or an and cannot be made plural.
14
Q
Examples: Countable Nouns Uncountable Nouns
A
idea
chair
message
time*
problem
change
people
water
time*
confidence
space
experience
paper
interest
15
Q
Quantifiers with Countable Nouns
A
a couple of* = two
a few* = approximately 2-4
few* = almost none (not usually used in questions)
several* = more than a few (not usually used in questions)
many = a large number * (can’t be used in negative statements)
I only have a few dollars.
There are many cars in the parking lot.
16
Q
Quantifiers with Uncountable Nouns
A
Use these quantifiers to describe the amount of an uncountable noun.
a little = a small amount (not used in negative statements)
little = almost none (not used in questions or negative statements)
much = a large amount (used in questions and negative statements)
a great deal of = a large amount
How much money do you have?
He has a great deal of love for his dog.
17
Q
Quantifiers with Countable or Uncountable Nouns
A
These quantifiers can be used with either countable or uncountable nouns.
any = even the smallest number or amount (used only in questions and negative statements)
enough = as many or as much as necessary
some = an indefinite number or amount (not used in negative statements)
a lot of = a large number or amount
Does he have any children?
I have a lot of emails to answer.
18
Q
Use these expressions to suggest a topic to be reviewed. They are all followed by a noun phrase.
A
Use “at this point” and “at this stage” to summarize the present situation. Use “so far” to summarize what has happened up to now. All of these expressions are followed by S + V.
19
Q
so far
A
at this particular time
So far, only two Democrats have entered the race for governor.
20
Q
gather
A
gather verb (COLLECT)
[ T ] to collect several things, often from different places or people:
“I went to several libraries to gather information about the plans.”
[ T + adv/prep ] to put your arms around someone and hold or carry them in a careful or loving way
“She gathered the children up and hurried into the house.”
gather speed, strength, momentum, etc.
to become faster, stronger, etc.:
“Economic recovery is gathering pace.”
gather (up) strength/courage
to prepare to make a great effort to be strong or brave:
“I spent a week gathering the courage to say no”
gather verb (COME TOGETHER)
When people or animals gather, they come together in a group:
“A crowd had gathered to hear her speak.”
to get thicker and closer:
“Storm clouds were gathering”
gather verb (UNDERSTAND)
[ T ] to understand or believe something as a result of something that has been said or done
“Harry loves his new job, I gather.”
gather verb (CLOTH)
[ T ] to pull cloth into small folds by sewing a thread through it and then pulling the thread tight:
“a gathered skirt”
[ T ] If you gather a piece of clothing or loose cloth around yourself, you pull it close to your body:
“She shivered, and gathered the blanket around her.”
noun
a small fold that has been sewn into cloth:
“a skirt with gathers at the back”
21
Q
approve
A
approve verb (HAVE A GOOD OPINION)
to have a positive opinion of someone or something:
“She doesn’t approve of my friends.”
approve verb (AGREE)
to accept, allow, or officially agree to something:
“The court approved the sale of the property.”
22
Q
This, is not about words I don’t understand, but
A
words that I still don’t use
23
Q
increase
A
verb
to (make something) become larger in amount or size:
“ncidents of armed robbery have increased over the last few years”
noun
a rise in the amount or size of something
“Any increase in production would be helpful.”
on the increase
“Homelessness is on the increase in many cities.”
adjective
increasing
An increasing number of customers shop online.
24
Q
excited
A
adjective (PERSON)
feeling very happy and enthusiastic:
“I was excited that he was coming to visit.”
be nothing to get excited about
to not be especially good:
“It’s a competent enough first novel but nothing to get excited about.”
adjective (PHYSICS)
(of an atom, etc.) in a higher than normal state of energy:
When an electron reverts from an excited to an unexcited state, it gives out light.
25
spend
spend verb (MONEY)
to give money as a payment for something:
"How much did you spend?"
spend verb (TIME)
to use time doing something or being somewhere:
"I think we need to spend more time together."
spend verb (FORCE)
to use energy, effort, force, etc., especially until there is no more left:
"For the past month he's been spending all his energy trying to find a job."
noun
the amount of money that is spent on something
"The total spend on the project was almost a million pounds"
26
frustrate
verb [T] (DISCOURAGE)
to make someone feel annoyed or less confident because they cannot achieve what they want:
It frustrates me that I'm not able to put any of my ideas into practice.
27
flagship
flagship noun [C] (BEST PRODUCT)
the best or most important product, idea, building, etc. that an organization owns or produces:
"The company's flagship store is in New York."
flagship noun (BEST ONE)
the best or most important thing among a group:
"The retail chain has its flagship in New York and branches in 19 states."
a company that is one of the most important in a particular area or industry
"Tata Steel is the flagship company of the Tata Group"
28
case
case noun (SITUATION)
a particular situation or example of something:
"She was suffering from an extreme case of sunburn."
in that case
"There's no coffee left? In that case I'll have tea."
because of a possibility of something happening, being needed, etc.:
"I don't think I'll need any money but I'll bring some just in case."
as the case might be (also whatever the case might be)
one of the stated possibilities that is true:
"When the election is called in April, or June, as the case might be, we shall be ready for"
case noun (PROBLEM)
a problem, a series of events, or a person being dealt with by police, doctors, lawyers, etc.
"a murder case"
case noun (CONTAINER)
a container or box for storing something in:
"The telescope comes with a case."
a box holding twelve bottles of wine or another type of alcoholic drink, or the twelve bottles and their contents:
"a case of beer/wine"
29
sharp
sharp adjective (ABLE TO CUT)
having a thin edge or point that can cut something or make a hole in something
"a knife with a sharp edge/blade."
producing or describing a quick, strong pain that makes you feel like you have been cut
"I have this sharp pain in my chest, doctor."
used to describe a part of someone's face that is very pointed:
"a thin face with a sharp nose"
If someone is sharp or makes a sharp statement, they speak or act in a severe and angry way that can hurt other people:
"He was a little sharp with me when I asked him to help."
sharp adjective (SUDDEN)
happening suddenly, quickly, and strongly:
"a sharp drop in temperature"
sharp adjective (TASTE)
sour in taste:
"Lemons have a sharp taste".
sharp adjective (CLEAR)
clear; easy to see or understand:
"This TV gives a very sharp picture."
sharp adjective (CLEVER)
intelligent or quick to notice things:
"Our new director is very sharp."
sharp adjective (FASHIONABLE)
fashionable:
"Tony is a very sharp dresser."
sharp adverb (SUDDENLY)
suddenly or immediately:
"After the church, turn sharp left/right."
sharp adverb (EXACTLY)
exactly at the stated time:
"The performance will start at 7.30 sharp."
sharp noun [C] (MUSIC)
(a symbol for) a note that is a semitone higher than the stated note
sharp adjective [-er/-est only] (SEVERE)
intended to be strong enough to be felt as painful:
"The candidate delivered a sharp attack on her opponent’s voting record."
sharp adjective [-er/-est only] (CLEAR)
easy to see or understand; clear:
"High-definition television produces a very sharp picture."
30
input
something such as energy, money, or information that is put into a system, organization, or machine so that it can operate:
"I didn't have much input into the project (= the help I gave was small).
the part that carries information to a machine, or the place where this is connected
"an input device"
to put information into a computer or other piece of electronic equipment:
"I've spent the morning inputting data into the computer."
information, money, or energy that is put into a system, organization, or machine so it can operate:
[ U ] "The city plans to get input from local community groups".
help, ideas, or knowledge that someone gives to a project, organization, etc.
"We had a very productive meeting with a lot of good input from the technical department."
31
rely
to need a particular thing or the help and support of someone or something in order to continue, to work correctly, or to succeed:
[ + -ing verb ] "The success of this project relies on everyone making an effort."
to trust someone or something or to expect him, her, or it to behave in a particular way:
"British weather can never be relied on - it's always changing."
32
stage
stage noun [C] (PART)
a part of an activity or a period of development:
"They did the last stage of their journey on foot."
a particular area of public life:
"The president was extremely popular on the world stage but was disliked in his own country."
he area in a theater, often raised above ground level, on which actors or entertainers perform:
"He made his first stage appearance at the age of six."
to arrange and perform a play or show:
The local drama group is staging a production of the musical "Grease".
to organize an event:
London staged the Olympic Games in 2012.
33
persuade
verb
to make someone do or believe something by giving them a good reason to do it or by talking to that person and making them believe it:
"If she doesn't want to go, nothing you can say will persuade her."
34
scope
noun
scope noun [U] (RANGE)
the range of a subject covered by a book, programme, discussion, class, etc
"Oil painting does not come within the scope of a course of this kind."
scope noun [U] (OPPORTUNITY)
the opportunity for doing something:
"There is limited scope for further reductions in the workforce"
scope verb (EXAMINE)
to watch or examine something carefully:
"They think their house is being scoped by burglars."
scope verb (PLAN)
to plan something in detail before it happens, looking at everything that is involved:
"If the whole thing is scoped and evaluated, with sound project management, then perhaps it will be OK."
scope noun [U] (RANGE)
the range of matters considered or dealt with:
"We are going to widen the scope of the investigation"
noun
the range of things that an activity, company, law, etc. deals with:
"large/ambitious in scope"
35
reach out
reach out (to someone)
to try to communicate with a person or a group of people, usually in order to help or involve them:
"We have to be more welcoming, and reach out more."
36
chief
chief adjective [before noun] (MOST IMPORTANT)
most important or main:
"The chief problem we have in the area now is the spread of disease."
chief adjective [before noun] (PERSON IN CHARGE)
highest in rank:
"the chief fire officer/accountant"
37
borrow
borrow verb (RECEIVE)
to get or receive something from someone with the intention of giving it back after a period of time:
"I had to borrow a pen from the invigilator to do the exam."
to take money from a bank or other financial organization and pay it back over a period of time:
"We could always borrow some money from the bank."
"to take and use a word or idea from another language or piece of work:
English has borrowed many words from French"
38
sight
sight noun (ABILITY TO SEE)
the ability to see:
"If your sight is poor, you should not drive a car."
sight noun (VIEW)
something that is in someone's view:
"The flowers at the annual flower show were a beautiful sight."
places of interest, especially to visitors:
"We spent a week in Rome looking at all the sights."
sight noun (GUN PART)
a part of a gun or other device through which you look to help you aim at something:
"Make sure you line up the sights before you fire the gun."
verb
to suddenly see something or someone:
"After days at sea, the sailors finally sighted land."
sight noun (VIEW)
something that is in someone’s view, or the view someone has:
[ C ] "The finish line was a welcome sight for the runners."
sight noun (SEEING)
the ability to see, or the act of seeing something:
Machines don’t have a sense of sight.
39
pamphlet
noun
a few sheets of paper folded together to form a thin magazine that contains information or opinions about something:
"a voter’s information pamphlet"
40
lobby
lobby noun [C] (SPACE)
a large, open space just inside the main entrance of a public building such as a hotel, office building, or theater:
"As you enter the lobby, you’ll see the elevators on your right."
lobby noun [C] (PERSUADE)
to try to persuade an elected official to take a particular action or change a law:
[ T ]" Council members have been lobbying colleagues on how to vote."
41
leverage
leverage noun [U] (ACTION)
the action or advantage of using a lever:
"Using ropes and wooden poles for leverage, they haul sacks of cement up the track."
leverage noun [U] (POWER)
power to influence people and get the results you want:
"If the United Nations had more troops in the area, it would have greater leverage"
leverage noun [U] (BUSINESS)
FINANCE & ECONOMICS specialized
the act of using borrowed money to buy an investment or a company:
"With leverage, the investor's $100,000 buys $500,000 or more of stock if he wants"
leverage verb [T] (USE)
to use something that you already have in order to achieve something new or better:
"We can gain a market advantage by leveraging our network of partners."
42
equity
equity noun (VALUE)
the value of a company, divided into many equal parts owned by the shareholders, or one of the equal parts into which the value of a company is divided:
"He sold his equity in the company last year."
equity noun (FAIRNESS)
the situation in which everyone is treated fairly according to their needs and no group of people is given special treatment:
"a society based on equity and social justice"
FINANCE, PROPERTY
(US also home equity)
the value of a property for the owner after it has been sold and any loan paid back:
"The equity in your home can be a cheap source of cash."
43
delight
noun
(something or someone that gives) great pleasure, satisfaction, or happiness:
"My sister's little boy is a real delight."
verb
to give someone great pleasure or satisfaction:
"Peter's academic success delighted his family."
44
hesitant
adjective
If you are hesitant, you do not do something immediately or quickly because you are nervous or not certain:
"She gave me a hesitant smile"
45
scrap
scrap verb (THROW AWAY)
to not continue with a system or plan:
We scrapped our plans for a trip to France.
to get rid of something that is no longer useful or wanted, often using its parts in new ways:
"Hundreds of nuclear weapons have been scrapped."
scrap noun (METAL)
old cars and machines or pieces of metal, etc. that are not now needed but have parts that can be used to make other things:
"We sold our old car for scrap."
scrap noun (SMALL PIECE)
a small piece of something or a small amount of information:
"Do you have a scrap of paper I could write on?"
scrap noun (ARGUMENT)
a fight or argument, especially a quick, noisy one about something not important:
"A couple of kids were having a scrap in the street."
46
weaken
verb
to (cause to) become less strong, powerful, determined, or effective:
"We know that prolonged exposure to vibration can weaken aircraft components."
to make or become weak or weaker:
"The country’s economy continues to weaken"
to become or make something or someone become less powerful, successful, effective, etc.:
"A series of scandals weakened investor confidence."
47
long-term
adjective
continuing a long time into the future:
"long-term unemployment"
48
brand equity (noun phrase) = brand equity
[uncountable]
the value that a brand name has in the opinion of the public
Brand equity can be one of a company's most valuable assets.
49
market identity (noun phrase) = market identity
[countable]
the particular set of characteristics that the public associates with a certain product, brand, or company
We've spent more than ten years developing our market identity. It's not something that comes overnight.
50
the green light (noun phrase) = the green light
[countable]
consent or approval to go ahead
As soon as we get the green light from my manager, we can get started.
51
assume (that) (verb) = assume (that)
[used with an object]
to believe something is true before you have proof that it is true
I haven't asked her yet, but I assume that she'll want to go.
assumption (noun)
52
be worth (doing something) (verb phrase) = be worth (doing something)
to be valuable or helpful if you do it
Climbing a mountain isn't the most relaxing way to spend a vacation, but it's definitely worth doing.
53
leverage (verb) = leverage
[used with an object]
to use assets effectively to gain money, power, or other benefits
Management believes that we can leverage our position in the market to successfully introduce the new product.
leverage (noun)
54
scrap (verb) = scrap
[used with an object]
to stop using or considering an idea, plan, or system because it no longer has value
We've decided to scrap the old system and buy new computers.
55
weaken (verb) = weaken
[used with or without an object]
to lose strength or make something lose its normal strength
Our sales continue to weaken. Our market share is down to 6 percent!
weakness (noun)
weak (adjective)
56
hesitant (adjective) = hesitant
reluctant to do something or unsure about doing it
It seems like a good deal, but I'm hesitant to spend so much money.
hesitate (verb)
hesitation (noun)
57
price-sensitive (adjective) = price-sensitive
paying careful attention to prices because you are not willing to pay too much
It's a very competitive, price-sensitive market. If we raise our prices too much, we'll lose customers.
58
reasonable (adjective) = reasonable
logical, fair, and not extreme
It seems like a reasonable offer to me. What do you think?
reason (verb)
reason (noun)
59
thorough (adjective) = thorough
careful about details and completion
He's always very thorough in his reports. He never leaves out any details.
60
Verbs with That Clauses
Verbs that show a person's thoughts or feelings can be followed by a that clause.
think
feel
believe
assume
I believe (that) we have a lot of competition.
61
The Verb Be with That Clauses
The verb to be can also be followed by a that clause. In each of these sentences, the subject is a problem, idea, or situation.
problem
issue
point
difficulty
The difficulty is (that) our sales department is too small.
The issue is (that) we don't have enough money.
62
Adjectives with That Clauses
Like verbs, adjectives that show a person's thoughts or feelings can be followed by a that clause.
sure
glad
sorry
worried
I am worried (that) Greg will be promoted.
I'm glad (that) tomorrow is a holiday.
63
Adjectives That Describe a Situation
Adjectives that describe a situation can also be followed by a that clause. Note that it is the subject of the sentence.
true
strange
obvious
too bad
It's too bad (that) she missed the meeting.
It's strange (that) he didn't call.
64
Expressing Certainty
Use the following expressions when you are certain about something.
These expressions are followed by a comma plus S + V.
Clearly, + S + V
Obviously, + S + V
"Clearly, he doesn't understand the problem."
These expressions can be followed by (that) + S + V. The word that is optional.
I'm sure (that) + S + V
I'm positive (that) + S + V
I'm certain (that) + S + V
I'm positive (that) he'll accept the offer.
65
Expressing Uncertainty
Use these expressions when you are uncertain about something. The word not makes them negative. They can be followed by (that) + S + V. The word that is optional.
I'm not sure (that) + S + V
I'm not positive (that) + S + V
I'm not certain (that) + S + V
66
forward
forward adverb (DIRECTION)
toward the direction that is in front of you:
"She leaned forward to whisper something in my ear."
forward adverb (FUTURE)
toward the future:
"I always look forward, not back"
after that point:
"From that day forward they never spoke to each other."
forward adverb (PROGRESS)
used in expressions related to progress:
"This is a big step forward for democracy."
used, especially in business, to mean "in the future":
"This could become a problem going forward"
forward adjective (CONFIDENT)
confident and honest in a way that ignores the usual social rules and might seem rude:
"Do you think it was forward of me to invite her to dinner when we'd only just met?"
to send a letter, etc., especially from someone's old address to their new address, or to send a letter, email, etc. that you have received to someone else:
"I'll forward any mail to your new address."
67
asset
noun
a useful or valuable quality, skill, or person:
"He'll be a great asset to the team."
something valuable belonging to a person or organization that can be used for the payment of debts:
"A company's assets can consist of cash, investments, specialist knowledge, or copyright material."
68
stockholder
a person who owns shares in a company and therefore gets part of the company's profits and the right to vote on how the company is controlled:
"Stockholders will be voting on the proposed merger of the companies next week."
69
stakeholder
stakeholder noun [C] (SHARE)
a person or group of people who own a share in a business
a person such as an employee, customer, or citizen who is involved with an organization, society, etc. and therefore has responsibilities toward it and an interest in its success
stakeholder
noun [ C ] ECONOMICS, MANAGEMENT
an employee, investor, customer, etc. who is involved in or buys from a business and has an interest in its success:
"Corporate executives need to think about the whole business and how it creates value for customers and stakeholders."
70
thought
noun
the act of thinking about or considering something, an idea or opinion, or a set of ideas about a particular subject:
"Ask me again tomorrow. I'll have to give it some thought."
thought noun [C/U] (THINKING)
the act of thinking about something to form ideas and opinions, or an idea or opinion produced by thinking:
[ U ] "I have given this matter considerable thought."
71
steal
steal verb [I or T] (TAKE)
to take something without the permission or knowledge of the owner and keep it:
"She admitted stealing the money from her employers"
steal verb [I or T] (DO QUICKLY)
to do something quickly or without being noticed:
"She stole a glance at her watch."
a product that has a very low price, or a price that is much lower than the original cost:
"I picked up a new iron on sale - it was a steal."
72
through
through preposition, adverb (PLACE)
from one end or side of something to the other:
"They walked slowly through the woods."
through preposition, adverb (TIME)
from the beginning to the end of a period of time:
"She had just enough energy to get through the day."
through preposition (RESULT)
as a result of:
"The company lost the order through production delays."
through preposition (USING)
by; using:
"I got my car through my brother who works in a garage."
adjective
through adjective (FINISHED)
having finished using or doing something:
"Are you through with that atlas?"
through adjective (SUCCESSFUL)
to achieve success in an exam, competition, etc. and progress to the next stage or a higher level:
"She's through to the next round of interviews."
through adjective (DIRECT)
A through train or bus goes all the way from one place to another place without the passenger having to change trains or buses.
73
dressing (noun) = dressing
[countable/uncountable]
a mixture of liquids, herbs, and spices that is put on raw vegetables, salads, or other foods
Oil and vinegar is a common salad dressing.
dress (verb)
74
entree (noun) = entree
[countable]
the main dish in a meal
Are you going to have an appetizer before your entree?
75
garlic (noun) = garlic
[uncountable]
a small strong-tasting plant that is covered with several thin, white layers of skin
I love to use garlic when I cook, but it gives me bad breath.
76
pie (noun) = pie
[countable]
a baked pastry, usually with fruit or custard inside
I'm going to have strawberry pie for dessert.
77
salmon (noun) = salmon
[countable/uncountable]
a large, meaty fish that is pink inside
I usually choose salmon when I order fish in a restaurant.
78
special (noun) = special
[countable]
food at a restaurant that is not usually on the menu
I'm going to order the special. Crab isn't available very often.
79
spinach (noun) = spinach
[uncountable]
a vegetable with dark green leaves
Spinach is very good for you. It contains a lot of vitamins and minerals.
80
strawberry (noun) = strawberry
[countable]
a soft, red, juicy fruit with small seeds on the outside
Strawberries are one of my favorite summer fruits.
81
pass up (phrasal verb) = pass up
[separable; used with an object]
to not take a chance to do something
That job looks very promising. I don't think you should pass it up.
82
saute (verb) = saute
[used with an object]
to cook quickly in hot oil or other type of fat
I like to saute mushrooms in butter.
saute (noun)
sauteed (adjective)
83
Indefinite Articles: A, An
Use a before consonant sounds and an before vowel sounds.
a dollar
a salary
an employee
an umbrella
a university*
an honest person*
*Note that the sound, not the spelling, determines which article you should use.
84
Indefinite Articles: Some
Use some with indefinite nouns that are plural or uncountable.
Can you buy some vegetables, please?
I already bought some meat.
85
Definite Article: The
Use the with definite nouns. A noun is definite when you and your listener both know which person or thing you are talking about. Also use the with unique nouns. A noun is unique when there is only one.
Are you going to the party on Saturday?
The moon was beautiful last night.
86
Indefinite/Definite
Use an indefinite article--a, an, or some--the first time you mention something. After that, the noun becomes definite and you should use the.
I went to a movie last night.
The movie starred my favorite actor.
87
Entering a Restaurant
Use these expressions when you first enter a restaurant.
We'd like a table for two.
I have a 6 o'clock reservation under the name Lee.
88
Preparing to Order
Use these expressions to ask for a particular menu, find out how the food is prepared, and hear about the side dishes something comes with.
Could we see the dinner menu?
How is the fish prepared?
What does the fish come with?
89
Ordering Food and Drinks
Use these expressions to order your food and drinks and make special requests. When ordering meat, it is typical to specify how much the meat should be cooked: rare, medium or well-done.
I'll have a glass of water.
I'd like the roast beef.
Could I get it with rice?
Could I get the roast beef rare?
90
Finishing the Meal
Use these expressions at the end of the meal when you are ready to pay.
Could we have the check, please?
Is the gratuity/tip included?
91
sparkling
sparkling adjective (BRIGHT)
shining brightly:
"sparkling white teeth"
sparkling adjective (INTERESTING)
energetic and interesting:
"a sparkling performance"
sparkling adjective (BUBBLES)
A sparkling drink is one that contains many small bubbles of gas:
"Champagne is a sparkling wine."
92
beef
beef noun (MEAT)
the flesh of cattle (= cows), eaten as food:
"He is a beef cattle farmer."
93
shell
shell noun (COVERING)
the hard outer covering of something, especially nuts, eggs, and some animals:
"Brazil nuts have very hard shells."
shell noun (COMPANY)
a company that is used to hide illegal activities:
"The shell advertised bonds for sale to investors, but this offering was essentially a fraud because no bonds ever existed."
shell verb [T] (COVERING)
to remove peas, nuts, etc. from their shells or their natural covering
94
shellfish
noun
sea creatures that live in shells and are eaten as food, or one of these creatures:
"Lobsters, crabs, and oysters are all shellfish."
95
seafood
noun
animals from the sea that can be eaten, especially fish or sea creatures with shells
96
appetizer
noun
a small amount of food eaten before a meal:
"At 6:30 everyone gathered for drinks and appetizers in the lounge."
the first part of a meal:
"The average cost of a full three-course meal - appetizer, main course, and dessert - is about $45."
97
lounge
noun
a room in a hotel, airport, theater, etc. where people can relax or wait:
"an airport lounge"
lounge verb [I] (RELAX)
to stand or sit in a relaxed way:
"She was lounging on the beach."
98
dessert
noun
sweet food eaten at the end of a meal:
"For dessert there's apple pie or fruit."
99
taste
noun (FLAVOR)
When you have a cold you often lose your sense of taste.
taste noun (JUDGMENT)
a person's ability to judge and recognize what is good or suitable, especially relating to such matters as art, style, beauty, and behavior:
"He has terrible taste, so you can probably imagine what his house looks like."
taste noun (EXPERIENCE)
a short experience of something:
"I had a taste of office work during the summer and that was enough."
taste verb [T] (FOOD/DRINK)
to put food or drink in your mouth to find out what flavor it has:
"Taste this sauce and tell me if it needs seasoning."
100
sauce
sauce noun (THICK LIQUID)
a thick liquid eaten with food to add flavor:
"tomato sauce"
101
thick
thick adjective (NOT THIN)
having a large distance between two sides:
"The walls are six feet thick."
thick adjective (CLOSE TOGETHER)
growing close together and in large amounts:
thick forest
difficult to see through:
Thick, black smoke was pouring out of the chimney.
thick adjective (NOT FLOWING)
(of a liquid) not flowing easily:
"thick soup"
102
garlic
noun
a plant of the onion family that has a strong taste and smell and is used in cooking to add flavor:
"a garlic bulb"
103
appealing
adjective
attractive or interesting:
"He had a nice smile and an appealing personality."
showing that you want people to help or protect you:
"a little dog with appealing big brown eyes"
104
waiter
female: waitress
noun
a man whose job is to bring the food to customers at their tables in a restaurant
"A waiter hovered at the table, ready to take our order."
105
butter
noun
a pale yellow solid food containing a lot of fat that is made from cream and is spread on bread or used in cooking:
"Have some bread and butter "
verb
"to spread butter on something"
106
blueberry
noun
the dark blue fruit of a common North American bush:
"blueberry pie"
107
bake
verb
to cook inside an oven, without using added liquid or fat
"Bake at 180°C for about 20 minutes"
a savory (= not sweet) dish made from a mixture of foods that is baked in the oven:
"He made a delicious salmon and broccoli bake."
108
shrimp
noun
shrimp noun (ANIMAL)
"a small sea creature with a shell and ten legs, that can be eaten"
109
lobster
noun
an animal that lives in the ocean and has a long body covered with a hard shell, two large claws, and eight legs, or its flesh when used as food
"We had lobster for dinner"
110
pastry
a food made from a mixture of flour, fat, and water, rolled flat and either wrapped around or put over or under other foods, and then baked:
"Ann makes delicious pastry - you should try her apple pie"
a type of sweet cake made from special pastry and usually containing something such as fruit or nuts
"We were offered a selection of cakes and pastries with our tea"
foods such as pastries, cakes, cookies, and desserts (= sweet dishes eaten at the end of a meal):
"The chocolatier has headed up the pastry section at two of London's finest restaurants."
111
downstairs
adverb
to or on a lower floor of a building, especially the first floor:
"I went downstairs to answer the phone."
adjective
on a lower floor of a building, especially thefirst floor of a house:
"a downstairs bathroom"
noun
the part of a building, especially a house, that is on the first floor:
"We finished painting upstairs yesterday, but the downstairs still needs some work."
112
strawberry
noun
a small juicy red fruit that has small brown seeds on its surface, or the plant with white flowers on which this fruit grows:
"fresh strawberries"
113
grape
noun
a small, round, purple or pale green fruit that you can eat or make into wine:
"grape juice"
114
steak
noun
a thick, flat piece of meat or fish, especially meat from a cow
"Should we have steak for dinner?"
115
flat
flat adjective (LEVEL)
level and smooth, with no curved, high, or hollow parts:
"The road ahead was flat and smooth."
flat adjective (NOT HIGH)
flat shoes (= ones without a raised heel)
"Pita and nan are two types of flat bread."
flat adjective (NOT ACTIVE)
not interesting, or without emotion or excitement:
"I thought her performance a little flat."
flat adjective (BATTERY)
with no electrical power left in it:
"I left my car lights on and now the battery is flat."
flat adjective (DRINK)
If a drink is flat, it has stopped being fizzy (= with bubbles):
"If you don't put the cap back on that bottle of soda, it will go flat."
flat adjective (COMPLETE)
complete or certain, and not likely to change:
"His request for time off from work was met with a flat refusal."
flat adjective (WITHOUT AIR)
If something such as a tire or ball is flat, it does not contain enough air:
"I got a flat tire (= the air went out of it) after driving over a nail."
flat adjective (FIXED)
[ before noun ]
(especially of an amount of money) fixed and not likely to change:
"We charge a flat fee/rate of $25 per hour."
flat noun (LEVEL GROUND)
an area of low, level ground, often near water:
"The salt flats are used for motor racing."
116
oats
a plant that is a type of grass, or its grain used in baking and cooking or to feed animals:
"a field of oats"
117
chopstick
one of a pair of narrow sticks that are used for eating East Asian food
118
meal
meal noun (FOOD)
an occasion when food is eaten, or the food that is eaten on such an occasion:
"a hot meal"
119
bad manners (noun phrase) = bad manners
[always plural]
impolite behavior
In some countries, eating with your left hand is considered to be bad manners.
120
allow (verb) = allow
[used with an object]
to permit something to happen or to let someone do something
Will your company allow you to fly first class?
allowance (noun)
121
avoid (verb) = avoid
[used with an object]
to make sure not to do something that you fear or dislike
I always avoid eating tomato sauce. It gives me heartburn.
avoidance (noun)
122
embarrass (verb) = embarrass
[used with an object]
to make someone feel ashamed or self-conscious, especially in a social situation
He embarrassed her when he asked her how much money she earned.
embarrassment (noun)
embarrassed (adjective)
embarrassing (adjective)
123
insist (on/that) (verb) = insist (on/that)
[not used with an object]
to demand strongly
I insist on excellent service when I stay in a five-star hotel.
insistence (noun)
insistent (adjective)
124
offend (verb) = offend
[used with an object]
to insult or upset someone
Be careful not to say anything to offend our visitors.
offense (noun)
offensive (adjective)
offended (adjective)
125
pick up the tab (verb phrase) = pick up the tab
to pay the bill for something instead of having someone else pay
The dinner was a business meeting, so my company picked up the tab.
126
represent (verb) = represent
[used with an object]
to be a sign or symbol for something
In the United States, the symbol # represents the word number.
representation (noun)
representative (adjective)
127
treat (verb) = treat
[used with an object]
to pay for something for someone in order to be nice
If you help me finish my report, I'll treat you to dinner.
treat (noun)
128
offended (adjective) = offended
feeling insulted or upset
I was offended by his comment.
offend (verb)
offense (noun)
offensive (adjective)
129
offensive (adjective) = offensive
insulting or upsetting to someone
Please don't use offensive language.
offend (verb)
offense (noun)
offended (adjective)
130
a million times (adverb phrase) = a million times
more times than you can count
I've seen her a million times, but I still can't remember her name.
131
Beginning a Story
Use these expressions when you want to begin telling a story about something.
That reminds me of + noun phrase
Have I ever told you about + noun phrase?
That reminds me of my trip to London.
Have I ever told you about my trip to London?
132
Mentioning Something You've Heard or Read
Use these expressions when you want to mention something that you have heard or read.
Someone told me (that) + S + V
I've heard (that) + S + V
Did you know (that) + S + V?
Someone told me that the tea in London is excellent.
I've heard the tea in London is excellent.
Did you know that the tea in London is excellent?
133
Commenting on the Most Recent Topic
The noun phrase refers to the most recent topic in a conversation. The clause (S + V) introduces new information. Note that speaking of + noun phrase can be used to introduce the other expressions in this activity.
Speaking of + noun phrase, + S + V
Speaking of travel, I'm going to Japan next week.
Speaking of travel, did you know that airfares are really low this month?
134
THE PRESENT PERFECT
The present perfect is used to talk about things that happened at unspecified times in the past and makes a connection between the past and the present.
have/has + past participle
With regular verbs, the past participle form is the same as the simple past form; they both end in -ed. But the past participles of some verbs are irregular.
"She has visited France."
"I have written a letter."
135
THE PRESENT PERFECT Short Form
With I, you, we, and they, the verb have is usually shortened to 've in spoken English. With she, he, and it, the verb has is usually shortened to 's in spoken English.
I've written a letter.
She's visited Japan.
136
THE PRESENT PERFECT Unspecified Time in the Past
Use the present perfect to show that something happened at an unspecified time in the past.
Already can be used to emphasize that something happened before now.
Michael has finished his report.
Thomas has left already.
137
THE PRESENT PERFECT Unspecified Number of Times in the Past
Use the present perfect to show that something was repeated at two or more unspecified times in the past.
Bob has seen that movie five times.
I've visited France many times.
138
THE PRESENT PERFECT With Since and For
Use the present perfect with since or for to show that something began in the past and continues into the present.
Since + the specific time that an action began
For + the length of time of an action
Karl has worked here since January.
Marie has been here for five months.
139
THE PRESENT PERFECT Question Forms
Use the present perfect to ask if something happened at an unspecified time in the past. Ever after the subject emphasizes that you are asking if something happened at any time at all. Yet at the end of the sentence emphasizes that something is expected to happen.
have/has + S + past participle
Have you studied Spanish?
Has he ever visited China?
Has she talked to her manager yet?
140
THE PRESENT PERFECT Negative Forms
The negative form shows that something didn't happen before now. Have not and has not are often shortened to haven't and hasn't. Never after have/has emphasizes that something has not happened. Yet at the end of the sentence emphasizes that something has not happened but might still happen.
have/has + not/never + past participle
We haven't gone to that show.
I've never eaten at this restaurant.
Joe hasn't visited Germany yet.
141
treat
treat verb (DEAL WITH)
o behave toward someone or deal with something in a particular way:
"He treated his wife very badly."
treat verb (GIVE MEDICAL CARE)
"He is being treated for a rare skin disease."
treat verb (PAY FOR)
"I'm going to treat myself to (= buy for myself) a new pair of sandals."
treat verb (PUT ON)
to put a special substance on material such as wood, cloth, metal, etc. or put it through a special process, in order to protect it from damage or decay:
"The material has been treated with resin to make it waterproof."
treat noun (SPECIAL EXPERIENCE)
a special and enjoyable occasion or experience:
"As a special treat, I'll take you to my favorite restaurant."
treat noun (TO EAT)
a type of food that is eaten in addition to your usual meals, usually something sweet:
"Try to encourage children not to eat too many of those snacks and treats that tend to pile on the pounds without providing much nutrition."
a small piece of food, often specially produced, that is given to pets in addition to their usual food, for example as a reward:
"The owner said the dog was dangerous, but when I fed it dog treats it would take them gently out of my hand."
142
straight up
idiom slang
used to show that you are telling the truth:
"You're a really attractive woman, straight up!"
143
bowl
bowl noun (DISH)
a round container that is open at the top and is deep enough to hold fruit, sugar, etc.:
"a bowl of soup/rice/oatmeal"
a dish made of layers of different foods served in a bowl
"I always order a burrito bowl with chicken, salsa, beans, corn, guacamole, and extra lettuce, because I just don't like tortillas."
a large bowl-shaped building or structure, used for important sports events or musical performances:
"the Hollywood Bowl"
bowl noun (GAME)
"(in the U.S.) a special game of football usually played after the season has finished"
bowl verb [I or T] (ROLL)
to roll a ball along a smooth surface during a game of bowling or lawn bowling
bowl verb [I or T] (CRICKET)
to throw a ball toward a batsman (= the player who hits the ball) using a vertical circular movement of the arm while running:
"Pringle was tired after bowling for an hour."
144
rude
rude adjective (NOT POLITE)
He's a very rude man.
relating to sex or going to the bathroom:
He told a rude joke/story.
rude adjective (SUDDEN)
We had a rude awakening (= unpleasant shock) when we saw our phone bill.
rude adjective (SIMPLE)
simply and roughly made:
"We built a rude shelter from rocks on the beach."
145
praise
praise verb [T] (SHOW APPROVAL)
to express admiration or approval of the achievements or characteristics of a person or thing:
"He should be praised for his honesty."
praise verb [T] (WORSHIP)
to honor, worship, and express admiration for a god:
"They sang hymns praising God."
praise noun [U] (APPROVAL)
things that you say that express your admiration and approval of someone or something:
"They deserve praise for all their hard work."
praise noun [U] (GOD)
an expression of respect and worship to a god:
"As we give praise to God, let us remember those who are less fortunate than ourselves."
146
tasty
tasty adjective (FOOD)
"Tasty food has a strong and very pleasant .flavor:
This soup is very tasty."
147
wrist
noun
the part of the body between the hand and the arm:
"I sprained my wrist playing tennis."
148
custom
custom noun (USUAL WAY)
a way of behaving or a belief that has been established for a long time:
"a local/ancient custom"
something you usually do:
"He left the house at nine exactly, as is his custom."
custom noun (TRADE)
the support given to a business, especially a store, by the people who buy things or services from it:
"Most of our custom comes from tourists nowadays."
used before another word to mean "specially designed for a particular person or purpose"
"custom-designed"
149
customary
customary adjective (USUAL)
"She's not her customary cheerful self today."
customary adjective (TRADITIONAL)
traditional:
"In my village, it is customary for a girl to take her mother's name."
150
brand loyalty (noun phrase) = brand loyalty
[uncountable]
a customer's feeling of support for a particular company or product
Our customers' brand loyalty is one of our most important assets.
151
focus group (noun phrase) = focus group
[countable]
a group of potential or existing customers who gather together to answer a company's questions
We plan to use a focus group to evaluate the new product.
152
in-store promotion (noun phrase) = in-store promotion
[countable]
a special activity in a retail store that is designed to help sell a particular product
The in-store promotion was a big success. The store sold out of our product in two hours!
153
media mix (noun phrase) = media mix
[countable]
the combination of television, radio, newspaper, or other methods that a company uses for advertising
Our print ads were not very successful last quarter, so I think we should add radio spots to our media mix.
154
retreat (noun) = retreat
[countable]
an event away from work where people have meetings, receive training, or improve their working relationships
All of the company managers are going on a one-week retreat in the mountains.
155
TV spot (noun) = TV spot
[countable]
a commercial on television
I love the new TV spot for the art museum. It's very creative.
156
follow up on (phrasal verb) = follow up on
[inseparable; used with an object]
to do something in addition to an activity or idea to achieve success or completion
Don't forget to follow up on that customer complaint.
157
protect (verb) = protect
[used with an object]
to keep someone or something safe from damage or injury
It's a normal reaction for parents to protect their children.
protection (noun)
protective (adjective)
158
react (verb) = react
[not used with an object]
to act in a certain way after something happened or was said to you
I'm afraid I reacted rather poorly, but he insulted me.
reaction (noun)
159
aggressive (adjective) = aggressive
with forceful energy or a fighting attitude
I wish he weren't so aggressive. It makes me uncomfortable.
aggressiveness (noun)
aggression (noun)
160
sophisticated (adjective) = sophisticated
having or showing a lot of understanding of culture and the world
She is very sophisticated. She's lived and traveled in many different countries.
sophistication (noun)
161
Unspecified or Specified Time in the Past
Use the present perfect to talk about something that happened at an unspecified time in the past.
The company has produced a new TV spot.
Have you ever advertised on the radio?
Use the simple past to talk about something that happened at a specified time in the past.
The company produced a new TV spot in May.
Did you advertise on the radio last fall?
162
Started in the Past and May Continue/ Began and Ended in the Past
The present perfect is used to talk about something that started in the past and may continue into the future.
"I've talked to Bill three times this week."
The simple past is used to express something that began and ended in the past.
"I talked to Bill three times last week."
163
So far and Ago
Use so far with the present perfect to emphasize that the action is continuing.
Henry has called six clients so far.
Use ago with the simple past to indicate that the action began and ended in the past.
Two days ago, Henry called six clients.
164
For
Use for with the present perfect if the action is continuing.
Brad has lived in Japan for seven years.
Use for with the simple past if the action ended in the past.
Brad lived in Japan for seven years.
165
Since
Use since with the present perfect to show that something began at a specified time in the past and continues up to now.
Carl has worked at our office since he arrived in New York.
166
Already
Use already with the present perfect to emphasize that something happened before now. It is used in statements and questions.
Doug has already met with the client.
Where's Ingrid? Has she already gone home?
167
Yet
Use yet with the present perfect to emphasize that something could still happen. It is used in negative statements and questions.
I'm hungry. I haven't eaten lunch yet.
Have you seen the new advertisement yet?
168
Identifying Problems
Use these expressions to identify problems. They are followed by a noun phrase or by (that) + S + V.
One problem is ...
An important problem is ...
Another problem is ...
One problem is that we don't have a CEO.
An important problem is increased competition from imports.
In addition to our import problem, another problem is our small sales staff.
169
Focusing on Strategies
Use these expressions to focus on strategies to solve problems. They are followed by an infinitive (to + the base form of a verb) or of + gerund (verb-ing).
We need to figure out a way ...
We need to focus on a way ...
We need to figure out a way to beat our competition.
We need to focus on a way of improving sales.
170
Suggesting Solutions
Use these expressions during a discussion to suggest solutions to problems. They are followed by an infinitive (to + the base form of a verb) or a gerund (verb-ing).
One option is ...
One possible solution is ...
One thing we could try is ...
One option is to develop some new products.
One possible solution is to fix the problem before we continue.
One thing we could try is hiring a consultant.
171
overnight
overnight adjective, adverb (TIME OF DAY)
for or during the night:
"an overnight stop in Paris"
overnight adjective, adverb (SUDDENLY)
"She became a star overnight."
verb
to stay somewhere for a night:
"He overnighted in Detroit before continuing his campaign."
to send something to someone so it arrives the next day:
"These truffles are fresh, overnighted from Italy."
172
ongoing
adjective
continuing to exist or develop, or happening at the present moment:
"No agreement has yet been reached and the negotiations are still ongoing."
173
trip
trip noun (TRAVEL)
a journey in which you go somewhere, usually for a short time, and come back again:
"The trip from Topeka to Grantville takes about 15 minutes by car."
trip noun (FALL)
an occasion when you knock your foot against something and fall or lose your balance, or someone causes you to do this, when you are walking or running:
"She broke her ankle when she had a nasty trip on the stairs."
trip verb (SWITCH)
to move a switch that operates an electrical system, or to cause such a system to start or stop working by moving a switch:
"A special system prevents the circuitry from being tripped accidentally by a power surge or lightning strike."
174
venue
noun
he place where a public event or meeting happens:
"The hotel is an ideal venue for conferences and business meetings."
175
chairman
noun
a person in charge of a meeting or organization
"In his closing remarks, the chairman thanked everyone who had helped."
176
survey
noun
survey noun [C] (QUESTIONS)
an examination of opinions, behavior, etc., made by asking people questions:
"A recent survey found/revealed/showed that 58 percent of people did not know where their heart is."
survey noun [C] (EXAMINING)
the measuring and recording of the details of an area of land:
"a geological survey"
survey verb (LOOK AT)
to look at or examine all of something, especially carefully:
"He got out of the car to survey the damage."
to measure an area of land, and to record the details of it, especially on a map:
"Before the new railroad was built, its route was carefully surveyed."
survey verb (QUESTIONS)
to ask people questions in order to find out about their opinions or behavior:
"The researchers surveyed the attitudes of 2,500 college students."
177
award
noun
to give money or a prize following an official decision:
"Carlos was awarded first prize in the essay competition."
verb
to give something valuable, such as money or a prize following an official decision
"Her poodle was awarded first prize in the dog show"
LAW
if a court awards a sum of money to someone who has been unfairly treated, injured in an accident at work, etc., it orders the person, company, or organization that is responsible to pay it:
be awarded $1 million/£250,000, etc. She was awarded £600,000 in damages as part of a libel action.
to give an employee an increase in income or a special payment as a reward for success:
award sth to sb/award sb sth The Association has just announced that it will be awarding more than $14 million in annual pay rises to staff.
178
premiere
noun
the first public performance of a play or any other type of entertainment:
The world premiere of the opera will be at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York.
verb
If a show, movie, etc. premieres or if it is premiered, the first public performance or showing takes place:
The play was premiered in New York.
179
premier
adjective
best or most important:
He's one of the nation's premier scientists.
premier noun [C] (LEADER)
the leader of the government of some countries, or the leader of the government of a part of a country:
the premier of Ontario
180
prize
noun
something valuable, such as an amount of money, that is given to someone who succeeds in a competition or game or that is given to someone as a reward for doing very good work:
"The first (= main) prize is a week for two in Miami."
verb
prize verb (REWARD)
to think that someone or something is very valuable or important:
"I prize that intimacy above everything."
prize verb (LIFT)
to use force to lift something off something else, for example by pressing a tool against a fixed point; to separate things using force:
She couldn't prize his fingers apart to get the key.
adjective
A prize animal, flower, or vegetable is one that has won or deserves to win a prize in a competition because it is of very good quality:
a prize bull
used to describe something that is a very good or important example of its type:
prize assets
noun
a reward for victory in a competition or game:
David won first prize in the school science fair.
adjective
given as a prize, or having won or deserving to win a prize:
prize money
verb
to value greatly:
The Japanese prize personal relationships in doing business.
181
sudden
adjective
happening or done quickly and without warning:
He had a sudden heart attack while he was on vacation.
182
wage
noun
a particular amount of money that is paid, usually every week, to an employee, especially one who does work that needs physical skills or strength, rather than a job needing a college education:
a very low/high wage
verb
o fight a war or organize a series of activities in order to achieve something:
"They've been waging a long campaign to change the law."
183
display
verb
display verb [T] (ARRANGE)
to arrange something or a collection of things so that it can be seen by the public:
Family photographs were displayed on the wall.
display verb [T] (SHOW)
to show a feeling:
My grandfather disapproved of displaying emotion in public.
display noun (ARRANGEMENT)
a collection of objects or pictures arranged for people to look at, or a performance or show for people to watch:
a fireworks display
display noun (SHOW)
the fact of someone showing how he or she feels:
There's never much (of a) display of affection between them.
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blame
verb
to say or think that someone or something did something wrong or is responsible for something bad happening:
"Hugh blames his lack of confidence on his mother."
noun
the situation in which people say or think that someone or something did something wrong or is responsible for something bad happening:
"Health officials put the blame for the disease on (= say that the reason for the disease is) poor housing conditions."
expressions:
said in order to tell someone that you understand why they are doing something and that you agree with the reason for doing it:
"I don't blame him for getting angry - she's being really annoying."
be to blame
"The hot weather is partly to blame for the water shortage."
If you take the blame for something, you say that you did it or that it is your fault:
"If anything goes wrong, I'll take the blame."
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bearer
noun
a person whose job is to carry something, or a person who brings a message:
"I'm sorry to be the bearer of bad news."
