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Laney et al memory Flashcards

1
Q

Background

A

Human memory has been previously distorted with negative and neutral false memories. This research focuses on implanting positive false memories

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2
Q

Overall aim 1 (can be)

A

To investigate whether positive false memories can be implanted into people then change their childhood memories of liking asparagus

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3
Q

Overall aim 2 (effect)

A

To investigate the consequences of implanting positive false memories in terms of the effect it has on liking asparagus and choosing asparagus

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4
Q

What the ppts thought the aim was

A

Food preferences and how it affects personality

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5
Q

Expectation

A

People would have an increased confidence in liking asparagus

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6
Q

IV

A

manipulation of liking asparagus

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7
Q

Operationalise the IV

A

by the computer generated profile that was given to participants a week after.

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8
Q

DV

A

scores on various questionnaires

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9
Q

Method

A

Lab experiment, questionnaires

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10
Q

Psych investigated

A

People’s memories can be incorrect so if researchers can reconstruct memories by filling in gaps with false info, will ppts believe it?

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11
Q

How was the false memory implanted?

A

by giving false feedback suggesting that they had loved to eat asparagus as children

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12
Q

What are false memories

5

A
  • People’s memories of events in their own life can be incorrect
  • These false details can be added to a person’s memory storage system
  • From all the stored information, people can reconstruct memories
  • They fill in the gaps
  • Then new memories are formed that contains incorrect information
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13
Q

Explain the FHI (3)

A
  • 24 items
  • 8-point scale
  • included ‘loved asparagus the first time you tried it’
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14
Q

Explain the RQ (4)

A
  • looks like a menu
  • 32 items
  • 8-point scale
  • scale is from definitely no to definitely yes
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15
Q

Explain the FPQ (3)

A
  • 62 items
  • 8-point scale
  • scale is from 1- definitely don’t like to eat to 8- definitely like to eat
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16
Q

Explain the FCQ (3)

A
  • 21 food items
  • how much they’d be willing to pay for a food items at a grocery store
  • asparagus included
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17
Q

Explain the MBQ

A
  • has three answer options:
    ‘have specific memory’
    ‘belief that it happened’
    ‘positive that it didnt happen’
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18
Q

What were the three filler questionnaires

A

personality, social desirability and eating habit questionnaire

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19
Q

Difference between control and love group

A

Control did not receive the asparagus feedback

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20
Q

Memories def

A

specific structured units that may be quite detailed

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21
Q

Beliefs def

A

less specific and less tied to time and place

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22
Q

How does this experiment differ from rich false memory studies?

2

A
  1. Uses positive false memories and not neutral or negative false memories
  2. Explores consequences of implantation whereas other studies stop after false memory implantation
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23
Q

Exp 1 sample size

A

128

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24
Q

Exp 1 sample locale

A

undergrads from University of California

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25
Exp 1 sample mean age
20.8 years
26
Exp 1 sample gender distribution
mostly female (77%)
27
Exp 1 Allocation to groups (number and how )
random allocation to the groups. 63 in love and 65 in control
28
Exp 1 Order of questionnaires given
FHI RQ filler questionnaires Elaboration FHI RQ FPQ FCQ MQ
29
After how long did ppts return
one week
30
false feedback was disguised as
computer generated profile of food-preferences
31
why were the FHI and RQ repeated?
to compare pre- and post- manipulation
32
why were FPQ and PCQ repeated?
To asses the consequences of the positive false memory implantation
33
How many participants were excluded from the study cause they already liked asparagus
Exp 1 31 Exp 2 30
34
Exp 1 FHI result
love group - mean increase of 2.6 points control group- mean increase of 0.2 points
35
Exp 1 MBQ result love group
22% memory 35% belief 44% no memory
36
Exp 1 MBQ result control group
12% memory 28% belief 61% no memory
37
Believers met which two criteria
1. Low rating in session one of FHI and high rating in session two of FHI 2. High score in MBQ
38
Exp 1 Believers result in MBQ
increase of 4.5
39
Exp 1 Non-believers result in MBQ
increase of 0.9
40
Exp 1 number of believers
2 males and 20 females
41
Exp 2 Aim 1 (rep..)
To replicate and extend the findings of Exp.1
42
Exp 2 Aim 2 (cons..)
To test the consequences of implanting false memories
43
Exp 2 Aim 3 (visu..)
To examine possible underlying mechanisms of false memories by looking at whether the sight of asparagus is more appealing to people after the false manipulation about asparagus.
44
Exp 2 Sample size
103
45
Exp 2 Sample locale
Undergrad students from University of Washington
46
Exp 2 Sample mean age
19.9
47
Exp 2 Sample gender distribution
62% were female
48
Exp 2 Sample incentive?
Given course credits for participating
49
Exp 2 Order of questionnaires
FHI, FPQ, RQ Two filler questionnaires Elaboration exercise Slides RQ, FPQ, FHI MBQ
50
Why was a photograph rating used in Exp 2?
it provides a first step towards assessing the underlying mechanisms associated with false memory consequences
51
What were participants told upon arrival at the lab
subjects were told that their data would be entered into a computer that would generate a profile based on their answers
52
Why did they choose asparagus in the study?
Because it's a food that children don't usually like
53
Exp 2 FHI results
Love increase of 2.5 Conctrol increase of 1.1
54
Exp 2 MBQ results love group
28% memory 28% belief 45% no memory
55
Exp 2 MBQ results control
6% memory 38% belief 56% none
56
Exp 2 Number of believers
21
57
Exp 2 Photo ratings result | no stats
Believers rated the asparagus photo as more appealing and less disgusting than the controls
58
Exp 2 FPQ result | no stats
Believers demonstrated more preference towards asparagus than controls
59
Exp 2 RQ result | no stats
Neither believers' nor controls' ratings changed significantly from pre to postmanipulation
60
Example of a negative memory
I don't like asparagus
61
Ethics broken
deception , right to withdraw
62
usefulness (4)
- clinical treatment of phobias - can help develop healthier eating habits - increase food aversions - can show how expert witness may be false
63
How were demand characteristics reduced? (5)
- use of deception - use of foil questionnaires - social desirability scale to test if people filled and had bias - exclusion of non-believers - asparagus related items were never presented in isolation
64
How long did each day's procedures take
half an hour
65
Exp 2 How long was each slide displayed for
30 seconds
66
Photo rating conclusion
The results show that the mere sight of the critical item, asparagus, in a photograph is sufficient to induce some people to rate asparagus more positively
67
Implantation conclusion
It is possible to implant false beliefs and flase memories for a positive childhood experience such as liking or loving asparagus the first time that one tried it | `
68
Consequence conclusion
The implanted false memories have behavioural consequences suhc as self-reported preference for asparagus, willingness to spend more for asparagus and increased willingness to eat asparagus in a restaurant
69
Methodological problem if children were used (2)
1. Questionnaires may have had difficult to understand terminology e.g sauteed asparagus 2. Aim was about childhood memory before the age of 10. This would not be possible if children were used
70
Real word application
- if a child is a fussy eater, the parent/ feeder can say that they 'have always liked fruit' and child will change their views of food
71
Why was RQ not able to measure likelihood of eating certain foods accurately (2)
- 0 to 8 ratings are subjective - what people may answer may not mirror what they actually think
72
Weakness about questionnaires
Some questionnaires had fixed choice options thus this many not represent what the ppts really think. E.g the FPQ had 7 choices but in reality not one of them could represent what a ppt would pay for the item
73
Generalisable?
No, all similar age, all undergrad students

Cognitive approach (4 decks)

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