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Human Form and Function > Landmarks of the brain > Flashcards

Landmarks of the brain Flashcards

1
Q

ILOS

A
  • list divisions and subdivisions and describe how they originated
  • describe basic anatomy and functions of the cortex & cerebellum
  • subcortical structures anatomy and functions
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2
Q

1st Neuroanatomists

A
  • ancient egyptians
  • Renè Descartes (I think, therefore, I am) 1596-1650
  • Thomas Willis (wrote first book about brain -cerebri anatome) 1621-1675
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3
Q

Circle of Willis

A

-circle where INTERNAL CARTOID artery meets MIDDLE CEREBRAL artery meets BASILAR ARTERY

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4
Q

Divisions of the Brain

A

Forebrain (PROSENCEPHALON)- Telencephalon, Diencephalon
Midbrain (MESENCEPHALON) - Mesencephalon
Hindbrain(RHOMBENCEPHALON) - Metencephalon, Myelencephalon
-Spinal cord

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5
Q

Forebrain: Telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres)

LABELLED DIAGRAM

A
  • cortex
  • basal ganglia
  • limbic system
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6
Q

Forebrain: Diencephalon

A
  • thalamus

- hypothalamus

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7
Q

Hindbrain:

LABELLED DIAGRAM

A
  • Pons: cerebellum

- Medulla

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8
Q

Cerebrum:

A
  • frontal lobe
  • limbic lobe
  • central sulcus
  • temporal lobe
  • parietal lobe
  • occipital lobe
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9
Q

Brodmann Areas:

be able to label on diagram

A

-Area 41,42 - Temperol lobe (hearing)
-Area 44,45 - Broca’s area (language)
-Area 17,18 - occipital lobe (vision)
Korbinian Brodmann 1868-1918

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10
Q

Primary motor cortex (cerebrum)

A
  • located in percentral gyrus ant. to central sulcus
  • controls voluntary movement (hands and face)
  • works in conjunction with motor planning areas to control movement of body
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11
Q

Motor planning areas

A
  • primary motor cortex
  • premotor area (control of trunk)
  • supplementary motor area (initiation of movement etc)
  • broca’s area (speech-usually left cerebrum)
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12
Q

What is Apraxia?

A
  • unable to perform movements despite intact muscles

- damage to motor planning areas is cause

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13
Q

what is broca’s aphasia?

A
  • impaired speaking and writing

- caused by damage to motor planning areas

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14
Q

Visual cortex

A
  • visual info travels to PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX (PVC) from retina via thalamus
  • PVC discriminates shape, size, location & texture of objects
  • information then conveyed to secondary visual cortex (colour, motion)
  • on to rest of cortex for response to visual stimulation
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15
Q

Broca’s Area (language):

1861 assigned motor speech to inferior frontal gyrus on left side

A
  • movement involved in speech (face & tongue)

- lesions are associated with expressive aphasia - speech is slow, laboured and telegraphic

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16
Q

Auditory cortex: (Wernicke’s area)

A

Carl Wernicke (1848-1905)

  • located superior temporal gyrus on left hemisphere
  • understanding the spoken word
  • lesions are associated with receptive aphasia (difficultty understanding speech of others)
17
Q

Frontal cortex

A
  • highest brain functions (executive function)
  • abstract thought, planning, decision making, social behaviour
  • uniquely large in humans
18
Q

Hypofrontality

A

schizophrenia -ve symptoms

19
Q

Corpus Callosum

A
  • large band of white matter connecting left and right cerebral hemispheres
  • genu, rostrum, trunk (body), splenium
20
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • anterior lobe

- posterior lobe

21
Q

Development of the human brain

A

25days after conception: head end of neural tube shows 3 divisions
50 days: 5 main divisions of the brain are visible

22
Q

Lesions of VERMIS (tumours in children: medulloblastoma)

A

-inability to stand upright, nystagmus, impaired eye scanning

23
Q

Disease of anterior lobe:

A
  • often associated with chronic alcoholism

- staggering drunken gait when sober

24
Q

Disease of the neocerebellar cortex, superior cerebellar peduncle-

A

-incoordination of voluntary movements (particularly of upper limb) - action tremor

25
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

-important subcortical system which regulates voluntary movement

26
Q

Basal Ganglia composed of…

A
  • striatum (caudate nucleus & putamen)
  • pallidum (internal & external globus pallidus)
  • sub thalamic nucleus
27
Q

Clinical note :Basal Ganglia

A
  • neurons linking the substantia nigra and the striatum (nigrostriatal pathway) use dopamine during motor activity
  • degeneration of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons underline motor symptoms in parkinson’s disease
28
Q

Limbic system

A 
-emotions, memory, appetite, sleep
composed of:
-cingulate gyrus
-fornix
-thalamus
-stria terminalis
-septal nuclei (social behaviour)
-amygdala
-hippocampus
-hypothalamus
29
Q

Hippocampus: (limbic system)

A
  • learning, memory, mood, response to stress
  • converts short term memory to long-term memory
  • lesions of this area result in memory impairments
30
Q

Amygdala (limbic system):

A
  • located in temporal lobe ant. to hippocampus
  • mediates feelings of fear, anxiety, social learning
  • lesions lead to fearless behaviour, poor social judgement
  • associated with PTSD- hightened activation of amygdala
  • often smaller in schizophrenia patients and larger in autistic patients
31
Q

Hypothalamus (limbic system):

A
  • located anterior/inferior to thalamus

- regulates appetite, body temp etc

32
Q

Reward pathway of limbic system:

A
  • Neural projection from ventral tegmental area to ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens)
  • addiction =loss of behavioural control
33
Q

Ventricular system:

A

can only be seen in transparent diagrams- central

Human Form and Function (12 decks)

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