Land use (lec 2) Flashcards
urban sprawl
the spreading out of a city and its suburbs over more and more rural land as the periphery of an urban area; conversion of open space into built-up, developed land over time
Characteristics of Sprawl
- high volumes of traffic; no public transit (everyone drives), scattered businesses, inadequate public transportation, pedestrian unfriendly
Sprawl in Ontario
As the current rate = an additional 260,000 acres or rural land will be urbanized by 2031 (an area double the size of Toronto), 92% of that land is Ontario’s best farm land
Golden Horseshoe growth
growing by over 115,000 people per year, in 15 years it will be the largest urban region in NA behind only NY and LA (THIRD LARGEST PLACE IN SIZE)
problems with low density?
illnesses (have to travel far to hospital), time lost in transportation, traffic accidents, noise, economic costs of climate change
urban sprawl costs
increased property taxes (due to maintenance of infrastructure), extra transportation costs (all trips require a car), time spent driving, road layout is windy
Consuming Land
Loss of land is another big cost = land is finite, we need land for more than just farms = it also preserves habitat and helps with the water systems (Absorbs rain! so we don’t have floods)
Public Health
millions of vehicles = billions of litres of gas uses, emits pollution, creating smog
How many premature deaths are in Canada?
16,000 a year
What are the air pollution costs in Ontario?
1 billion a year
Climate change
burning fossil fuels = GHG emission = permafrost thaw, accelerated costal erosion, increasing severity of storms and droughts, future impacts = if lakes didn’t freeze over there would be more evaporation and more costal erosion!
Energy
Sprawl requires abundant and cheap energy, suburbs = more expensive, energy is going up = and so is the price of this lifestyle
water quality and quantity
clearing forests and agricultural cover increases runoff, storm sewers gather oil/grease/toxic chemicals from pavement and deposits them in rivers and lakes, everythinng growing on the land acts as a filter - helps remove/spread stuff around = helping clean our water
Wildlife
expansion into woodlands and wetlands destroys habitat = this is the primary threat to woodlands and wetlands remaining near Canada’s cities, we destroy their natural habitats and kind of box animals in = in separate small sections of woodlands so thats why we have the deer problems and other animal problems!
Aesthetics and QOL
absence of ‘sense of place’, social loss, isolation, lack of connectivity, those who cannot drive = left behind, no defined character/real community
Smart Growth
an attempt to make urban development a positive force for the long-term health of the economy, society and the environment
Principles of Smart Growth
preserve green space and farm land, integrate land-use and transportation planning, make full use of existing urban land and infrastructure, mix land uses, provide a variety of transportation, compact building design, range of housing opportunities, invite walking and bicycling, communities with a strong sense of place,
Green Belt
no development in that area, its an economic cost for those living in the boundaries, they keep revising the plan
What percentage of Canada’s land has no capability for land use?
89%
what percentage of Canada’s land is considered class 1 (having no limitations for agriculture and has the highest productivity for a wide range of crops)
0.5%
What percentage of class 1 land is in Ontario?
52%
What percentage of class 1 land is converted?
18%
When did the natives settle in Ontario?
10,000 years ago
what was the population of Ontario in the 1500s?
60,000 to 117,000
Tribes in Ontario?
MANY different ones, not one homogenous group
When did the European Settlers arrive?
1500s, looking for a passage to the Orient
1600s
fur trade begins, and the French and English settlers struggled for domination: whole place is still a forest needed the natives to show them around
1759
the british vs french showdown (showdown went on for many years, British won)
1763
Treaty of Paris
1775
American revolution (america is unhappy with their relationship with England: revolution = wanted to be separate)
1779
English / scottish / irish immigrants
1787
US ordinance develop the Lakes (US realize Great Lakes are a great resource = want people to move north and develop the GL region
1791
upper canada defined population 15,000 (we want people to move in on our share of the great lakes / our side = war of 1812 starts because of this fight)
late 1700s
america was much more established, scared that the US would take over the GL area, needed to get people there to boost the population
1812
last military challenge for the Lakes: defined the line for the great lakes = populate not Upper canada is about 90,000
1867
Confederation: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick form a federal union (one government overseeing all the provinces)
- dominion of canada, capital of canada = ottawa, capital of ontario = york (toronto), london was possibly going to be the capital of ontario but it was too far from the capital and too close to the US
Population of Ontario in 1900s
early 1900s: population 2 million, half rural (whereas now = 85% are urban)
1904
ford motor company manufactured in windsor connecting the Canadian and US economies; silver was discovered at Cobalt in Northern Ontario
1906
Niagara Falls: hydro-electric commission was established = major boost to economy
1911-1913
one million people immigrated to Canada, most settling in Ontario (at this time more people in ON than any other province)
2013 Ontario Population
estimated 13,538,000
Ontario population
38.4% of Canada’s population; since 2001 Ontarios population has increased by 750,236 (half of Canada’s growth in that period) ON has much higher population. & pop density than all other prov/terr
Official Language in Ontario?
English
What is the largest language minority in Ontario?
Francophone
Visible minorities in Ontario?
In 2001 - 2.2 million visible minority individuals.
What percentage of the provinces population is a minority?
19.1%
How many of the visible minorities in Canada are in ON?
54%
What is the official minority language?
French - its decreasing rapidly - with Chinese and Italian coming up
What are the main visible minorities?
South Asian, Chinese, Black - still increasing
How many immigrants settled in ON between 2009-2013
more than 655,000 (representing half of those immigrating into Canada during that period)
Where are they going?
Alberta - there are jobs there!
Why is immigration so important?
The only way we can expect population to grow/maintain itself - the rate of natural increase has gone down too much!
Dependency ratio in Ontario
too many people who are not part of the work force: too many young/old so we are looking for people to fill the gap
Where do most of Ontarios immigrants come from?
China, India, Italy
What has changed in the trend of Canada’s distribution?
USED to be about 50% rural, 50% urban. now 85% URBAN! even in nunavut which is the least urban area = they still have a 50% rate
Where are people living?
Very southerly! 6-8% live in the north (thinking of the great lakes lowland as the south and hudson bay/canadian shield as the north = we live VERY Southerly!)
Projected populations?
Show growth in the GTA and golden horseshoe, they estimate that TO will keep increasing its population as other areas decline
Where is growth expected?
In the golden horseshoe, near ottawa, and an anomaly region up north due to the aboriginals having a high birthrate
Where is the senior population seen?
In the areas where population is declining: this is not good because they require a lot of healthcare and support
What is predicted for Ontario (NSEW)?
That by 2036, NorthWest Ontario will increase (more babies being born in this area) while NorthEast will stay the same, SouthWest will go up a little, Central will go up and East will go up (GTA)
Where should we see population growth?
Population growth in GTA, Golden Horseshoe, Ottawa, London
Greater Golden Horseshoe
it is the most populated region and the most heavily urbanized region in Canada and one of the fastest growing areas in North America
How many people live in the Golden Horseshoe
8.1 million, 2/3 of Ontarians and one quarter of all Canadians
By 2031, what is the estimated population of the golden horseshoe?
11.5 million, 80% of Ontario’s population growth
By 2041?
Predicted 13.48 million people, 10.13 in the GTA
Between 2001 and 2006 how much did the population grow?
by 630,631, growth rate of 8.4% which was faster than the provincial average of 6.6%
Where WEREE the fastest growing places?
Brampton, Vaughan and Mississauga
In the last 5 years who has it been? ITS CHANGED
TORONTO - fastest growth. Torontos rate WAS 2.9% and now its 16.2%
After Toronto, what are now the fastest growing areas?
Brampton, Ottawa, Vaughan, mississauga
Fastest growing community?
Milton
Where are most of the aboriginal people of Canada?
Ontario - but we do not take very good care of them. Most aboriginals are in big cities, then smaller urban areas, then reserves, then rural areas: we should be most concerned for the people on the reserves because we do not do much for them
How old are the Ontario Aboriginals?
Younger than the rest of Ontario! 33% of the aboriginal population was 19 and under (23.8% for the non-aboriginal population)
Where do the Aboriginals live within ON?
1/6 live on reserves in 2011 - down from 1/5 in 2006 (good for well being!)
What is happening with the aboriginal population?
GROWING!
How many of Canada’s population are aboriginals?
300 thousand
The proportion living on a reserve?
20% aboriginal, 30% of north american indian
